Sub - Science & Technology Compilation

CA Database

Subject: Science & Tech LIsts: Compilation Status: Sorted Once

Health Concepts & Tretaments
1. Controlled Human Infection Study (CHIS): CHIS - Controlled human infection study - deliberately infected during trial
2. ELIZA Effect: Phenomenon where people believe computers are capable of human emotion
3. Using mRNA as medicine - Nucleotide A U C G
4. BNT 111 - Cancer Vaccine
5. Influenza A - H1N2 V → H1N1 Influenza A is a Sub Type of Influenza
6. Parent Lineage of JN 1 is called Pirola BA 2.86 which is Sub Variant of Omicron which is Sub Variant of Novel Corona Virus
  
  Variant of Interest & Variant of Concern
7. ACE2
  
  is a protein found in the epithelial cells in different parts of the body, such as the lungs, heart, and kidneys. SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to ACE2 as an entry point through the virus’ spike-like protein on its surface
- 1. Aktocyte Tablets
  - Developed by: Department of Atomic Energy and IDRS Labs; approved by FSAAI under MoHFW.
  - Purpose: To minimize side effects of radiotherapy.
  - Efficacy: Remarkable results in pelvic cancer patients with radiotherapy-induced cystitis.
  - Treatment: Acts as an adjuvant therapy post cancer treatment.
- 1. CRISPR cas 9
  2. CRISPR Technology for Sickle Cell Therapy: The US FDA has approved gene therapy for Sickle Cell using CRISPR technology, specifically the therapies named Casgvey and Lfygenia, for individuals over 12 years old. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats) involves using special DNA, CAS 9, to locate, cut, and replace defective DNA strands with correct DNA.
  3. Casgevy - Attacks BCL11A - Turns of Foetal Haemo Production in Blood Cell
  4. Lygenia - Uses Disabled Anti Virus introduce blood stem cell a new gene for haemoglobin that mimic that healthy version
  5. Budget 2023 set to eliminate sickle cell anaemia by 2047.
  6. Sickle Cell → it is caused by mutation of haemoglobin B found on chromosome 11
- 1. HFSS - Higher Fat Sugar Salt
  2. Tax on SSB Sugar Sweetened Beverages
  3. Colombia Junk Food Laws
  4. Kerala Fat Tax in 206 subsumed under GST 2017
Disease
- Dengue
  
  In 2023, the upsurge can be linked to the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus); increase in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns due to the El Nino climate phenomenon; fragile health systems after the pandemic, political and financial instabilities in countries; and high population movements.
- Malaria
  
  Female Anoepheles & Plasmodium
- SCID - Genetic Disorder
  1. No WBC = No T Cell & B Cell & No Immunity
  2. Tretament : Stem Cell Trasnplant (Bone Marrow)
  3. BBS - Bubble Baby Syndrome
- JN 1 Flip Mutation
  - Omicron subvariant JN.1 is set to become dominant globally, carrying a "FLip" mutation (L455S) in its spike protein.
  - Despite dominance, a dominant strain isn't inherently more dangerous; viruses naturally mutate.
  - JN.1 evolved from the BA.2.86 lineage, distinct from other Omicron sublineages.
  - "FLip" mutations (L455S, L455F) increase transmissibility by altering amino acids on the spike protein.
  - JN.1 rapidly became predominant in France, overtaking other strains.
  - The mutation affects the virus's binding to ACE2 receptors, crucial for entry into human cells.
  - Enhanced binding reduces protection from natural antibodies, raising concerns about vaccine efficacy.
  - As of late 2023, JN.1 shows higher transmissibility and potential immune evasion.
  - Despite the surge in cases, no immediate need for additional vaccine doses for most individuals.
  - Accurate infection rates are challenging due to reduced testing and reporting.
  - JN.1 accounts for a significant portion of recent COVID-19 cases globally, indicating rapid spread.
- TB
  
  Currently, the national elimination programme for TB has been treating 17 .140,000 people but the issue is that the total time of TV is at about six months which is very high. What happens when this occurs there are many side-effects so first people are not able to stick to the routine second. If they feel good, then this stop it which puts other people in contact with them. In exposure, vulnerability to the TB then especially for children. It is not very easy to maintain this six months because it is difficult to swallow the taste and sizes also not in compliance with the patriotic needs. Hence there have been test like shine which for non-severe children can bring the TP treatment from six months to 4 months and then there are some two months one as well.
- Huntigton Disease
- Lumpy Skin Diseases
  1. NRCE - National Research Centre
  2. LSD Vaccine - LumpiProVacINd
  3. Mortality Rate < 10%
  4. First Case in 1929 - Zambia
  5. Reduced Milk Capacity → Allergic Reaction
Technology
1. Judiciary on Technology: SC Judge Hima Kohli - Deepfakes need to be tackled
2. WhatsApp-Based Bus Ticketing System: Introduction of a bus ticketing system that operates via WhatsApp
3. Face Authentication in Digital Life Certificate for Pensioners of Old Age
4. Democrats Using Generative AI for Election Canvassing: Named "Ashley"
- 1. Hydrography
  India has been an active member of international hydrographic Organisation since 1955
  
  The Indian Naval hydrographic department was established in 1874 in Calcutta
  
  Hydrographic is the studying of ocean season. Other water body is by compiling analysing data maps and charts.
  
  Joint hydrographic service was being carried out between Maldives, national defence force and Indian Navy
  
  External affairs in the Bagchi
- 1. AMRIT (Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology)
  2. By IIT Madras. Uses Nano Scale Iron Oxy Hyrdoxide
  3. Ensures Safe Water Supply under Jal Jeevan Mission
- Semi Conductor
  
  Can be Pure or Mixed // Used in Essential medical deives & Electornics
  
  Shortage Causes Pent up emand and Follow up Famine
  
  Global Market from 25 BUSD Now to 100 BUSD 2025
  
  India Market : 80 Billion by 2026 110 BUSD by 2030
  
  India Initiative
  1. INvested 76000 Crore
  2. 10 BUSD PLI for SC
  3. MeiTY - Design Linked Incentive -20 Domsetic Cmpany, Turnover of 1500 Crore in 5 Years
  Global Supplier : Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, US & China - 70% of Mobiles in India used Chips of Taiwan acc to ICRA (Indian Cellular & Electronic Association)
Science
1. Quantum Physics - Fractal Dimension: Based on Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
2. Algorithm's Significance: Harari, a renowned writer, stated that the algorithm is the most important word of the 21st century.
3. Algae
  1. Nucleus Bearing, Lack of True Roots, Stems, Leaves, Specialised Multicellular Reproductive Structure.
  2. Photosynthetic & Aquatic
  3. Econonomically Important - Crude Oil and Source of Food - Pharma and Crude Industry
  4. Study of Algae - Phyclogy
Facts
1. Barracuda: India's fastest electric boat in Alapuzha, named after a fish.
2. Algorithm's Significance: Harari, a renowned writer, stated that the algorithm is the most important word of the 21st century
- INS Imphal
  - Context: INS Imphal, the third warship of Project 15B forming the Visakhapatnam class stealth-guided missile destroyers, is set to be commissioned into the Indian Navy.
  - The commissioning of INS Imphal holds special significance, being the largest and most advanced destroyer named after a city from the northeast.
Rare Earth Metals
- Periodic Table has 17 from Yttrium & Scandium + 15 Lanthanide Elements
- For instance, magnets made from rare earths are many times more powerful than conventional ones.
- Some REEs are available in India — such as Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium and Samarium, etc. Others such as Dysprosium, Terbium, and Europium, which are classified as heavy REEs (HREEs), are not available in Indian deposits in extractable quantities. Hence, there is a dependence on countries such as China for HREEs, which is one of the leading producers of REEs, with an estimated 70 per cent share of the global production.
- China - Leading Producer, India has 5th Largest Deposits
IT & Computer Technology
1. Chaemleon Trojan
  
  When very extortion software design to locker encrypt device or a data on a system and then demanded handsome for its release
2. EU Digital Service Act
3. Touch Screen Tech
  1. Resistive - Cheaper than Capacitive - Two Sheets of Conductors with a Gap - Uses Resistance
  2. Multitouch
  3. Capacitive - used in Smartphone & Other Appliances- Project Capacitive Method
  4. PDA - Personal Digital Assitants - Apples Palm PDA project
Space Tech
1. Nasa Huamoid : Valkyrie
- 1. XPOSAT - X Ray ISRO (Studies X Ray Polarisation)
  2. Low Inclination Orbit
  3. Space Observatory → to Study Neutron Star & Black Holes
  4. Launched by PSLV C58
  5. Only Two in the World
    1. First is NASA’s Imaging Xray Polarimetere IXPE
    2. Second is XPOSAT
  6. Pay Loads
    1. POLIX - Raman Research Group - X Ray in 8 to 30 KeV, Emission from 50 Sources in 5 Years
    2. XSPECT - Space Astornomy Group, URSC, BLR - 0.8 to 15 KeV - Focus on XRays & Pulsars
- 1. ISRO
  2. Ratio of Scientific to Technological Missions is skewed in Favor of ISRO
  3. ISRO Fuel Power Cell System can be backbone for Indian Space Station launched by XPOSAT in PCLV C58
- 1. Satellite Galaxy
  LMC - Large Maegllanic Cloud
  1. Satellite Galaxy of Miky Way - Meaning they are Gravitationally Bound
Government Platforms
1. Paat Mitro by Ministry of Textiles for MSP
2. Watson X - by IBM & NASA for Weather Forecasting & Stuff at COP 28
- 1. PRAYAS
  Project PRAYAS · Promoting Regular Assisted Migration for Youth and Skilled Professionals (PRAYAS) was launched in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
  
  · It is one of the first attempts to consolidate all the state-level initiatives for safe, orderly, and well-managed international migration.
  
  · Goal: To facilitate safe, orderly, and regular migration for aspiring Indian migrant workers and students through policy recommendations in collaboration with the MEA and state governments, thus strengthening international migration governance.
  
  · It aims to undertake a study, capturing the key migration trends, the needs and aspirations of migrants, and the major international migration and mobility initiatives taken by the union, as well as the state governments sharing the analysis with the ministry.
- 1. eSOIL
  eSoil is a low-power bioelectronic growth substrate that can electrically stimulate the root system and growth environment of plants in hydroponic environments.This novel substrate is environmentally friendly, being derived from cellulose and a conductive polymer called PEDOT. It offers a low energy, safe alternative to previous methods that required high voltage and non-biodegradable materials.In hydroponics, plants are grown without soil, requiring only water, nutrients and a substrate – something for their roots to attach to. This closed system allows water to be recirculated, ensuring that each seedling receives exactly the nutrients it needs. As a result, very little water is used and all the nutrients remain in the system – something that is not possible with conventional farming.
- 1. Smart 2.0 - Ayurveda Teaching Professionals

Ethanol Blended Petrol
1. G20 Energy Ministers' meeting that India has rolled out 20% ethanol-blended petrol in 2023. Cover Entire country by 2025 #dubai
2. Ethanol Production - cane molasses to various feedstocks like rice, maize, and other grains
3. Ethanol yields from grains are higher compared to molasses, rice producing 450-480 liters and other grains 380-460 liters per tonne
4. NAFED - National Agricultural Marketting Federatio of India
5. NCCF - National Cooperative Consumers Federation of India
6. Ethanol can be made from
  1. Sugarcane - Largest Producer is Brazil
  2. Corn - Largest Producer is USA
7. Food Fuel Conflict & Food Fuel Issue - Fight Between Intensifying Hunger & Reducing Fossil Fuel Usage
8. Sugar Mills and Ethanol Production: The Ministry of Consumer Affairs has directed sugar mills not to use sugar cane juice or syrup for making ethanol. This is in line with the sugar control order under the Department of Food and Public Distribution, which regulates sugar prices. Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is 99.9% pure alcohol and can be mixed with petrol. for bio fuel
Wheat
1. 2nd most imp cereal crop. Main food in N & NW India
2. Rabi - Cool Growing Season + Sunshine
3. India is the world's second-biggest wheat producer after China. But it accounts for less than 1% of the global wheat trade. It keeps a lot of it to provide subsidised food for the poor

TO BE SORTED

Banned FDC Drugs
- Topic: Banned FDC Drug Use Case Report
- Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice
- Key Points:
  - FDCs are combinations of two or more Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in a fixed dose.
  - FDCs are linked to issues like Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR).
  - They are used for improving patient compliance, notably in AIDS treatment.
  - Concerns include reduced therapeutic efficacy.
  - Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) does not cover drug combinations.
  - No standardization by the Indian Pharmacopoeia for these drugs.
  - Common combinations:
    - Anti-inflammatory drugs with vitamins.
    - Antihistamines with anti-diarrhea medications.
    - Analgesics with sulphonamides.
  - FDCs can be priced higher, leading to economic concerns.
  - Need for reforms in the Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1940, considered outdated.
  - Central Drug Standard Control Organisation, led by the Drugs Controller General of India, oversees these matters.
  - Statistics:
    - 60.5% of FDCs in India are unapproved.
    - 9.9% of FDCs are sold despite being banned
Coal - Black Gold
1. ABLP Coal - Anthracite Bitumen Lignite Pear
2. 250 Million Old - Blacl Gold - Gonadwan 90%
3. Tertiary - Has Mositure & Sulphur
4. India has 5th Largest Coal Reserve but Inabaility of Monopoistic Sector Makes it to Import Godl
Lithium - White Gold

India Imported 3.3 Billion Worth of batteries
TN Launches Semi Conductor and Electronic Policy
AMR - Anti Microbial Resistance
1. According to NCDC (National Centre for Disease Control) 94% People were given Anti Biotic w/o Disganosis i.e on Empirical Therapy whereas only 6% with Diagnosis were given AB i.e with Defintive Therapy
2. WHO has released “Global Point Prevelance Survey” - To Increase Awareness on How to Use Anti Biotics
3. WHO AwAre - Access Watch & Reserve Classification
  1. 37% prescription were anti biotics belinging to Access Groups
  2. 57% prescription were anti biotics belinging to Watch Groups
  3. 02% prescription were anti biotics belinging to Last Resort Groups
  4. 03% prescription were anti biotics belinging to NOT Reccomended Group
4. NCDC Nodal Agency for AMR - Has Made NAC-NET - National Anti Biotic Consumption Network