Part 5 - Tribal Anthropology

Inputs Needed from
1. Social Justice Section of GS 2
2. Governance Section of Paper 2
3. Government Schemes
Important Abbreviations Used
1. NFHS: National Family Health Survey
2. AR: Annual Report
3. MOTA: Ministry of Tribal Affairs
4. SC: Scheduled Caste
5. ST: Scheduled Tribe
6. OBC: Other Backward Class
7. DOR: Drop Out Ratio
8. GPI: Gender Parity Index
9. GER: Gross Enrollment Ratio
10. IMR: Infant Mortality Rate
11. U5MR: Under 5 Mortality Rate
12. ID: Institutional Deliveries
13. ANM: Auxiliary Nursing Midwife
14. ASHA: Accredited Social Health Activist
15. NSSO: National Sample Survey Office
16. PLFS: Periodic Labour Force Survey
17. NSO: National Statistical Organisation
18. LFPR: Labour Force Participation Ratio
19. NCRB: National Crime Records Bureau
20. MHA: Ministry of Home Affairs
21. PVTG: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group
22. TN: Tamil Nadu
23. UT: Union Territory

Profile of Scheduled Tribes (AR - MOTA)
- General Population
  1. According to Census 2011: 8.6% of India's Population (Nearly 10.45 Crores are Tribals)
  2. Out of the Total Rural Population of India, 11.3% People are Tribals
  3. Out of 28 States and 8 UT in India, 4 do not have any recognised Tribal Population
    1. Punjab
    2. Delhi
    3. Haryana
    4. Chandigarh
  4. Maximum Proportion of Tribes in States
    1. Lakshadweep - Nearly 95% Population is Tribal
    2. Mizoram - Nearly 94.5% Population is Tribal
    3. Nagaland - Nearly 86% Population is Tribal
    4. Meghalaya - Nearly 86% Population is Tribal
  5. Maximum Proportion of Tribes in States
    1. Uttar Pradesh - Less Than 1% of Population is Tribal
    2. Tamil Nadu - 1%-1.5% of Population is Tribal
    3. Bihar - 1%-1.5% of Population is Tribal
    4. Kerala - 1%-1.5% of Population is Tribal
  6. Sex Ratio According to 2011 Census
  7. Sex Ratio of All of India: 943
  8. Sex Ratio of Tribal Population: 990
    
    Sex Ratio of Tribes in J&K: 924 → only State that has sex ratio less than the National Sex Ratio of Tribals
- Education
  - Literacy Rate
    1. Indian National Average is 74%
    2. Literacy Rate of Tribal Populations
      1. 2001 Census: 47%
      2. 2011 Census: 59%
        
        Female Literacy: 49.5%
        
        Male Literacy: 68.5%
      3. Increase in Literacy Rate was Seen in Both Male and Female Literacy Rate
    3. Literacy Rate of Tribal Populations: 71st Round of NSSO Survey in 2014-15
      
      Literacy Rate of Tribals Increased to 67%
    4. Literacy Rate of Tribal Populations: 75th Round of NSSO Survey in 2017-18
      
      Literacy Rate of Tribals Increased to 71%
    5. Conclusion: Gradual Improvement in Literacy Rate of Tribals
  - Gross Enrollment Ratio(GER)
    1. GER in
      1. Primary (Class 1 to 5)
      2. Elementary (Class 6 to 8)
      3. Secondary & Higher Secondary (Class 9 to 12)
    2. For Primary and Elementary Education, From 2015-16 to 2019-20 is either stagnant or declining in some parts of the country
    3. Secondary & Higher Secondary, From 2015-16 to 2019-20, is more or less Same
    4. Hence it can Inferred that: In Coming Years, there will be decline in GER of Secondary & Higher Secondary Levels
  - Gender Parity Index(GPI)
    1. GPI for ST was released by UNESCO
    2. Increased Enrollment of Girls of ST in Higher Secondary Level
  - Drop Out Ratio
    1. According to 75th NSSO
    2. DOR is Declining in All Three Levels i.e Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary Level
    3. Maximum Reduction in DOR in Primary, Followed by Upper Primary, Followed by Secondary Level
- Health
  - Health Indicators - IMR, U5MR, Anaemia
    1. Based on NFHS 3 (2005-06)
    2. Based on NFHS 4 (2015-16)
    3. Based on NFHS 5 (2019-21) - Released but Waiting for Tribal Specific Populations
    1. IMR was 40.7 for India
    2. IMR was 44.4 for Tribals (It Improved from 62.1 in NFHS 3)
    1. U5MR is 49 for India
    2. U5MR is 57 for Tribes (It was 95 in NFHS 3)
    1. It was Nearly 53% for Over All India
    2. Anaemia in Women in the Age Group of 15 to 49 Years 59.8% of Tribes are Anaemic as per NFHS 4
    3. It was > 68% in NFHS 3
    Conclusion
    1. IMR, U5MR, Anaemia
    2. Over All India is Better than Tribals
    3. But in Tribals, NFHS 4 is better than NFHS 3 →Thus Gradual Development can be Seen
  - Health Indicators - Nutritional Status of Children
    1. 3 Types of Malnourishment
      1. Stunted - Less Height for a Specific Age
      2. Wasted - Less Weight for a Specific Height
      3. Underweight - Less Weight for a Age
    2. NFHS 4 has shown Improvements in all the 3 Levels
  - Health Indicators - Institutional Deliveries
    1. According to NFHS 4 Nearly 80% for Over All India
    2. Whereas it is 68% for Tribals acc to NFHS 4
    3. But in NFHS 3 ID was only 18%
    4. Hence, The Improvement in ID is Stark & Drastic. By Means of ASHA Worker and Ground Level Policy Penetration
    1. A Drastic Improvement was seen in Deliveries Attended by ASHA Worker, ANM & Auxiliaries
- Poverty
  - BPL
    1. Sources of BPL
      1. Tendulkar Committee’s data was used by Planning Commission for Poverty Estimates in Tribals
      2. NSSO
    2. Types of Populations
      1. Rural Tribals - In Rural India over all BPL Population is 26% where as 45% of Rural Tribals are BPL
      2. Urban Tribal - In Urban India overall BPL Population is 16%
        
        Nearly 24% of Tribal Population in Urban India was BPL
    3. Maximum BPL Tribals are found in: Odisha
    4. Minimum BPL Tribals are found in: Tamil Nadu
  - Land Holdings
    1. According to Agriculture Census of 2015-16
    2. 8.7% of Total Land Holdings in India belongs to ST’s
  - Labour Force
    1. According to PLFS by NSO, LFPR in Tribals is 47.1%
    2. Unemployment Rate of Tribals is less as compared to overall Unemployment Rate in India because of No Specific Choice of Employment, Participation in Skilled & Artistic Work & Acceptance of even Low Wages
- Crimes Against ST Population
  1. Maximum Atrocities and Reported Crimes against ST’s are in
    1. Madhya Pradesh
    2. Rajasthan
  2. Article 342 of Constitution provides for Specification of Tribal Communities & Various Groups within them
    
    ST’s are Notified for Specific States or UT’s & this Notification is Valid only within the Jurisdiction of State and UT
  3. Irulas / Irular are PVTG in TN, but until 2018 they weren't even having status of Tribes in the Nearby UT of Puducherry
    
    They Recently Got the Status of ST in Puducherry
Constitutional Provisions for ST
- Articles
  1. Art 342: of Constitution is Giving Recognition to Tribals. But it does not define the Term Tribals
    1. Number of Population Groups notified as ST’s under Art 342 are nearly 700 in number
    2. Art 342(1): Powers Given to President to Declare any Tribal Group as ST after Consultation with Governor
    3. Art 342(2): Parliament can pass the Law, to Include any group is the List of ST’s
  2. Art 366(25): Refers to ST’s as those communities which are scheduled in accordance with Art 342 of Constitution
    
    Also, only those communities declared by President in Recommendations of the Governor will be considered as ST’s
- Schedules
  1. Schedule 5 enlists Tribal Area of All the Parts of Country other than those Mentioned in Schedule 6
  2. No Criteria mentioned in the Constitution to Include a Tribal Area into Schedule 5, but with Practise & Inclusion Practises we came up with Following Features to Include these Area as Tribal Area in Schedule 5
    1. Preponderance of Tribal Population
    2. Compactness of Geographical Area
    3. Viable Administrative Units
    4. Economic Backwardness as compared to Nearby Areas
  3. Schedule 6 States are
    1. Assam
    2. Tripura
    3. Meghalaya
    4. Mizoram
  4. Why has been States Separately Mentioned in Schedule 6
    1. Demand for Autonomy
    2. Internal and External Security Challenges
    3. Home Work: Read About Schedule 5 and Schedule 6 from Polity
ST & Scheduled Area

Nearly 8.5% of India's Population are found in Nearly 15% of India's Geographical Area
How Does Govt of India Declare a Group as ST
1. No Criteria Mentioned in Constitution to Declare Scheduled Tribes but Gradually some criteria came into being by means of commissions and Parliamentary Legislations
  1. 1931: Backward Classes Commission
    
    Pre Indepence Backward Classes Commission
  2. 1955: Kalelkar Committee
    
    First Backward Classes Commission for India After Independence
  3. 1965: Lokur Committee
    
    Revised the Lists of SC’s & ST’s
  4. 1969: Chanda Committee
2. Some Specification to Declare Tribals based on these Committees and Commissions
  1. Reluctance or Shyness of Contact
  2. Indications of Primitive Traits in Life Style
  3. Geographical Isolation
  4. Distinctive Culture
  5. Backwardness - Social, Economic, Technological
Tribal Panchsheel *
1. Propounded by PM Nehru, Recommendation by Verrier Elwin
Points for Tribal Panchsheel
1. Tribal Populations Should be Developed along the Lines of their Own Genius.
  
  Hence we should avoid anything being imposed on them → Minimum Imposition
2. Train and Build a Team of Tribal People to work in Administration and Development of Tribes. Avoiding Introduction of too many outsiders into tribal territory
3. We should NOT Over Administered Tribal Areas or Overwhelm them with Multiplicity of Schemes
4. Tribal Rights in Land & Forests should be Safeguarded
5. We should not judge the Result by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the Human character evolved
  
  Focus should be on the Quality of Human Resource Created or Human Character Created → Hence it should be Outcome Oriented
Home Work: Add Data from Here

Tribal Panchsheel approach to upliftment UPSC

Concept and Definition of Tribe

There is not any official definition of tribe. not in constitution
- B.K. Roy Burman
  
  When ever we use a term it refers to a stage of social of transformation in an evolutionary scheme of technology,knowledge,capacity and control of nature + transmission of these to their social groups which is simple small scale ,present in a common territory where these social groups are kinship based.
- Ralph Linton
  
  tribe is a grp of bands with a continuous territory under them ,they have the sentiments of unity ,common culture and are frequently contacting with each other
- Tribes can be defined based on certain characteristics
  1. common geographical location/territory
  2. communal ownership of resources
  3. same dialects
  4. closed kinship ties
  5. technological backwardness
  6. primitive forms of economic practices & simpler forms of religion
- Virginius XaXa
  
  Said the Definitions are complex - Tribal Population are a kind of stage,they are a kind of society which is simple,relatively less educated and backward societies
Indian Tribe v/s Indigenous People
- Introduction
  1. Not only at India level but at world level also the debate was there
  2. The debate is about whether to consider tribes as indigenous people or not
  3. At india level also at UN level there is no official definition of tribe and indigenous people
- ILO – international labour organization- gave 2 criteria to understand indigenous people
  1. Subjective
    
    Self identification by the person to whom we are calling indigenous
  2. Objective
    1. Indigenous people are non dominant group in the society
    2. Even after restrictions on certain Religious Economic, Political Activities by the gov(s) and authorities ,indigenous people will retain those original elements / non legal things (they can have their own rules)
    3. Indigenous people are descents of those groups which were present before colonization
    4. They have affinities towards their territory and natural resources
  💡 Indigenous People: People who were present at any location before colonization
- UN declaration on rights of indigenous people
  
  Not binding on countries, voluntary acceptance by various countries
  
  UN Declaration on Rights of Indigenous People stress that
  1. indigenous people have all the rights to have their welfare measures (socio-economic development policies)
    
    Ex: Land rights ,FRA 2006 ,PESA 1996 (gram sabha )
    
    Ex: Separate political and electoral status -PESA 1996
    
    Ex: Recognizing and safeguarding the culture,traditions and folklore
- Should we consider Tribals of India as Indigenous or not ?
  - General Argument
    1. Tribes as Indigenous → are identified by Indian tribes
    2. Social, Political, Economic conditions should be different from larger community – they maintain these unique features irrespective of legal status of that feature
  - By ILO
    
    There are certain criteria given by ILO which are matching with indigenous people of India but
  - By Andre Bethe
    
    Anthropologist Andre Bethe Said: How can we deny one or the other proliferation/mixing up of characters of Indigenous People from nearby areas
    
    Adivasis, Janajatis, hilly people ,forest people etc these terms are directly hinting about indigenous people
  - By XaXa
    1. when you are considering tribal people as indigenous based on their demand, there demand is justified becoz
    2. in the past 2 century tribals in india has lost their access on natural resources which they used to own
    3. They are facing discrimination at all the levels starting from the smallest unit of village to the largest unit of parliament
    4. Hence, Indian Tribes are indigenous people
  - By Govt. - Indian Tribes are NOT Indigenous People
    1. As per Government: We have given privileges in our constitution, in the laws/legislations.
    2. These act as safeguards for them so no need to give them the status of as indigenous people specifically
  - By World Bank
    
    in its report considers STs of India as its indigenous populations
Socio-Cultural Elements of Tribals in India
Diversity in Indian Tribes

Question

Diversity of Indian Tribes was studied by many scholars and anthropologist that why is there such biogenetic biodiversity in India Tribes?

Answer
1. Immigrants did not go back due to assimilative nature of Indian society
2. Economic factors / resources attracted much outsiders
3. There was religious persecution in other countries
These factors attracted many outsiders and they settled in india and mixed with these populations

Classification of Indian Tribes
- Classification of Indian Tribes by B S Guha
- Classification of Indian Tribes By S S Sarkar
  
  Based on 5 Different Scientific Parameters
  1. Mundari Speaking
    
    East Indian Tribal Belt → West Bengal ,Jharkhand ,Chhattisgarh and Odisha
  2. Australoids
    1. Pre Dravidian- before Dravidian they are survivin
    2. Ex: Irrulars , Paniyars, Kanikarars, Kadars
  3. Far-Eastern Tribes
    1. South part of country(in the context of western ghats)
    2. N-E states and Himalayas
- Classification of Indian Tribes by Grierson ( Based on Tribal Languages)
Classification of Language
- Four Fold Classification for Languages
  1. Nishad - Austro Asiatic
  2. Kirata - Tibeto Chinese Family
  3. Dravidian
  4. Indo European Family - Aryan
  1. It was Proposed by LPV & Rai for General Languages
  2. Max Muller an Indologist was the First One to Propose this Kind of Classification for Tribal Languages
  3. DN Majumdar said that all 4 groups Either Pre Aryan or Non Aryan have Racial Affinities or Origin
    
    They Later Picked up the Aryan Languages due to Cultural Contact
  4. According to D N Majumdar, All these 4 Groups of Tribal Families and People have Pre Aryan or Non Aryan Racial Affinities and Origin. The Indo Aryan Family Picked up Aryan Languages because of Cultural Contact
- Tribal Languages Facing Threats of Extinction
  - Why are they under Threat ?
    1. Invasion of Other Languages ( Main Stream Language) + Cultural Invsaion
    2. Declining Tribal Population and Very Low Population Growth Rate
    3. No Proper Documentation / Scripts / Grammar
    4. Eductional Improvments / Literacy in Tribals / Over All Dominance in Hindi and English in Educational System
    5. Urbanisation, Industrialisation and Associated Migration
  - Data to Support Extinction of Tribal Dialects
    1. More than 200 Tribal Dialects are Already Extinct after Indiependence
    2. Nearly 200 (197) Tribal Dialects are Endangered,
      
      out of these more than 40 (42) → They are Severly Threatened → Heading Towards Extinction
    3. Example of Language Facing Threats of Extinction
      1. Bodo
      2. Dimasa
      3. Sidi
      4. Meithei
      5. Parji - Odisha
      6. Toto - West Bengal
      7. Majhi → from Sikkim → Some Say its already Extinct
    4. NGO - Bhasha Research and Publication Centre, It conducts lingusitic Surveys from time to time
  - What Needs to be Done ?
    1. Proper Documentation → Literature and Folklore & Grammar
    2. Incorpoation of Tribal Dialects in School Education System in Tribal Area
    3. Separate Academic Programs for Tribal Language Studies
    4. Imp Point: Orissa Model → Publishing of Bilingual Dictionaries
      
      Odia to Tribal Dialects
      
      Tribal Dialects to Odia
    5. Dedicated Linguistic Division for Tribal Languages can be created either with MOTA or MoCulture or with respective state governments
    6. Awareness should be Percolated by Means of Campaigns and Literacy
    7. Central Institue of India Language, Mysore, Karnataka → There should be active role of such insitutuion in preservation of such tribal languages

Geographical Distribution of Indian Tribes
1. As Per People of India Project, 1993 → 636 Tribal Communities Tribal Communities are there in India which is Merely 8.5 & of Indias Population
2. MOTA through its Dept of Tribal Development has defined 613 Tribes in India
3. Art 342 considers nearly 700 Tribal Groups in India into 5 different geographical belts
4. Geographical Belt Division of Indian Tribes
  - Island Tribes
    1. Places
      1. Lakshadweep
      2. Andaman & Nicobar Island
    2. Examples
      1. Jarawa
      2. Great Andamanese
      3. Great Nicobari
      4. Shompning
      5. Sentineles
  - North & North Eastern Tribes
    1. Himalayan Tribes
    2. Abor, Miri, Mishi, Lepcha, Asatmi, Bhotias, Gaddis
  - Central Indian Tribes + East Indian Tribes
    1. One of the Largest Populations
    2. Munda, Santhal, Oraons
  - West Indian Trbies
    1. Places
      1. Western MP
      2. Raj & Guj
      3. Some Parts of Maharashtra
    2. Examples
      1. Sahariyas
      2. Bhil
      3. Meena’s
      4. Garasia
      5. Khatodi
      6. Maldharis
  - South Indian or Dravidian Tribes
    1. Irular
    2. Todas
    3. Kadars
    4. Kotas
    5. Kurumbas
    6. Chanchu
    7. Khonds
    8. Cholenaikans
Youth Dormitories
1. Small Scale Rural or Tribal Socities → Found in India and Across the World
2. At Global Level, Malinowski studied the Youth Dormitories in Trobriand Islander also called as BUKUMATULAS
3. Indians who Studied Youth Dormitories
  1. S C Roy → Oraons Tribe → Dhumkurias
  2. Ho Tribe → Gitiora
  3. Gonds Tribe → Gotul
  4. Konyak Nagas Tribes → Ban (Boys)
  5. Konyak Nagas Tribes → Yo (Girls)
  6. Morungs Nagas Tribes → Morung or Marnags
4. Socialisation Point for Youth for Young People before Marriage
5. Training Centre fro Tribal Youth for
  1. Teaching Hunting
  2. Sexual Transformation Education
6. Sometimes acts as Centre for Magico Religious Ceremonies
7. They are kind of Day Boarding Units for Young Population which are presnet generally at the entrance or central of settlement
8. Acc to S C Roy, Youth Dorm is a tool for Social Solidarity for Its Residents → It Embibes Sentiments of feeling of group in young generation

Problems of Tribal Communities (General View)
1. Poverty & Indebtedness
2. Shyness to Assimilate
3. Primitive Forms of Agriculture & Reliance on Shifting Agriculture
4. Improper Implementation of Constitutional, Legislative & Administrative Measures
  
  Example: PESA, FRA, Sch 5 & Sch 6
5. Access to Education, Rising Unawareness
6. Poor Health & Hygiene, Increasing Malnourishment
7. Land Encroachment → Development Induced Displacement, Encroachment and Land Alienation
8. Higher Rate of Unemployment
Problems of Tribal Communities (According to Syllabus)
- Land Alienation
  - Current Status
    1. Since Generation they were living in Forest Area in a Symbiotic Mode of Existence
    2. Their Entire Socio Economic Life revolves around Land and Forests Only
    3. They have sentimental and emotional connect with Land and Forest
    4. Even today more than 90% of Tribal Population in India is Involved in Agriculture & Allied Activities. Hence they are Dependent on Natural Resources of Forest and Land
    5. Average Land Holding Size in Tribals is more than the National Average
    6. But Issues with Land Holdings are. Following factors contribute to Less Production
      1. Shifting Cultivation
      2. Allmost Zero Agricultural Input
      3. Poor Fertility
      4. Technological Backwardness
    7. Maximum Tribal Population of country is lacking the Agricultural Skills to Improve the Production
  - Data to Support
    1. Sample Survey of Rural Development
      1. in 1990 → Nearly 30 50 % of Tribals were affected by Land Alienation
      2. After 2000’s → It is more than 50%
      3. Biggest Reason for this is Mining, Urbanisation & Expansion of Agriculture
      4. Hence Maximum Displacement of Tribals and Land Alienation took place in Mineral Rich Belt of India
        
        For Example: Central India, East India → MP, CG, Odisha, Jharkhand
    2. Census Data 2001
      1. More than 40% of Tribals are Landless
      2. Which were nearly 33% in 1981 Census
      3. Population of Landless Tribals is Increasing
    3. MOTA
      1. Land Alienation in Tribals is 20 to 30 % more than Non Tribal Populations
      2. 20% to 30% more Land Alienation is Happening
  - Causes of Land Alienation in Tribals
    1. Development Induced Displacement prominently by means of Mining, Hydro Electric Dams, Industry
      
      Ex: Issue of Bauxite Mining in the Niyam Giri Hills of Orissa in Dongariya Khonds
      
      Ex: Sardar Sarovar Damn
      
      Ex: Singur Case
    2. Indebtedness, Unemployment and Moneylender
      1. Ex: Sarguja District of CG Muslim Money Lenders who are locally termed by Tribals as Miyan
      2. Ex: Mahajan’s of Jharkhand → by Dr Sachindr Sinha
    3. Lack of Documentation and Records
    4. Environmental Laws and Regulations
    5. Unawareness about Rights & Remedial Measures
      
      Govt Program Started Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana
    6. Encroachment by Outsiders
    7. Tourism Activity
      1. Ex: Chenchus & Jarawa's of A&N
    8. Due to Conflicts in there areas like Naxals
  - Measures
    1. Govt Measures
      1. Strengthen PRI, Gram Sabhas
      2. Effective Implementation of Legislation like PESA 1996 & FRA 2006
      3. Fulfil Spirit of Schedule 5 & 6 of Constitution
      4. Land Records Management & Digitisation so that Land Record can be assesses in Real Time. Thus Minimising Alienation
    2. Schemes by Government
      1. Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana
      2. PM Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana
      3. MGNREGA
      4. PMJDY → Improved Financial Inclusion and Banking Facility
    3. Supreme Court Directions
      1. Samatha Judgement of 1997
        
        SC Gave Directions to Govt to Return the Land to Tribal Populations in case of Mining
        
        Apex Court directed that the “Public Purpose” should be defined
      2. Narmada (Sardar Sarovar) Dam Case, 2017
        
        SC Said that Land should be given against land
    4. XaXa Committee Recommendations
      1. Provide Legal Aid to Tribals
      2. Strengthening of Gram Sabha
      3. Clear Cut Definition of “Public Purpose”
      4. Return of Extra Land acquired post project Implementation
      5. Check or Control on Diversion of Land from Tribals to Non Tribals
- Poverty & Indebtedness
  - Indebtedness
    - Basic Background
      1. Nearly 80% of Tribals → Acute / Chronic Indebtedness
      2. Chronic ID Primary Reason → No Money Saving Habit
      3. Except Some NE Tribes → Almost All Tribes are in Indebtedness
      4. Not Borrowing Money from Organised Methods like Banking, Post Office, Cooperatives
      5. They Generally Borrow from Unorganised Means and Methods → Local Shop Keepers & Money Lenders
        
        These are Generally at Very High Interest Rate. Some Case Studies Tell that RoI can be upto 48% too → Money Lenders & Local Shopkeepers take advantage of unawareness amongst the Tribals
      6. Till the Time Forest Resources were with Tribals, Tribals were enjoying a Self Sufficient Economy → Less Poverty & Less Indebtedness
      7. But During British India Period →Barter to Monetary → Unawareness
    - Prominent Reasons
      1. Change in Forest Based Economy of Tribals, Started During British India Time → Aggravated After Independence (Mining, Industrialist, Deforestation, Urbanisation)
      2. Low Literacy & Unawareness → Trapped by Money Lenders
      3. Land Alienation & Development Induced Economy
      4. Less Skills Related to Other Works
      5. Lack of Records and Collateral Documents of Ownership, Identity and Govt Scheme based Benefits
      6. Inadequate Financial Inclusion Measures
      7. Naxal Movements & Less Penetration of Govt Benefits in Some Tribal Areas
      8. Tribal Way of Life like → Not Spending Money in the Right Place
        
        Non Saving Habit
        
        Alcoholism
        
        Extravagance
      9. Loopholes in Prohibition of Money Lending Laws
  - Poverty
    - Background
      1. Indebtedness Leads to Poverty & Poverty Leads to Indebtedness. Hence, Poverty & Indebtedness are Interrelated & Connected
      2. Vicious Cycle for Tribals
    - Important Case Studies
      1. Korwas of Sarguja District of CG
      2. Dr Sachindra Sinha → Sauria Paharia of Jharkhand
      3. Tharus of UP
  - Measures for Poverty & Indebtedness
    1. Various State Govt & Central Govt → Have Framed Legislations to Regulate Money Lending
    2. 5th Schedule of Constitution Empowers Governor to Regulate Money Lending
    3. Financial Inclusion & JAM Trinity
      1. By Means Jan Dhan Aadhar Mobile → Connection of Aadhar Number with Mobile Number
      2. Including DBT → Direct Benefit Transfer
    4. Minimisation of Fake Beneficiaries, So that Actual Ones can be benefited
    5. Promotion of Cooperatives
    6. SHG → Vandhan Schemes
    7. TRIFED
    8. Dedicated Mission for Skill Development of Tribals
      
      Ex: Kathiawar Youth Driving Training Skills, Gujarat
    9. MGNREGA - For Employment
    10. Targeted PDS for Ensuring Food Security
    11. State Govt have made Licenses mandatory for Money Lending
    12. V XaXa Recommendation 1. Strengthen Gram Sabha in Tribal Area 2. Ensure Financial Inclusion
  - Case Studies
    - Case Study: Related to TRIFED
      
      TRIFED - Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India
      
      Mankidia and Kandhar Collect Siali Fibres from Forest Areas of Orissa. These Fibres are used in making of Drone Patra for Rituals
    - Case Study: Tea Estates of Kerala
      
      Due to Tourism Local Tribals are Being Involved as State Owners in Day to Day Activities, like
      
      Picking up the Waste, Tea Stalls, Drivers for Pick and Drop
      
      This Kind of Job is for Unskilled Almost illiterate Youth
  - Causes of Indebtedness
    
    Poverty Data of Tribals → from Above Data Sheet
    
    Especially from Tendulkar Committee & Finance Commission Recommendations
  - Causes of Poverty
    1. Primitive Agricultural Practises → Very Low Productivity
    2. Loss of Forests and Land Rights
    3. Land Alienation
    4. Development Induced Displacement
    5. Unawareness and InAccessibility to Financial Institutions
    6. Tribal Way of Life like Non Saving Habits
    7. Limited Skills and Restricted Occupation
    8. Psychological State of Deprivation → Non Acceptance to State Help
    9. Less Transparency & Percolation of Govt Scheme and Efforts
  - Dhebar Commission Recommendation
    1. Shifting Cultivation to be controlled in a Phased Manner
    2. Seeds Fertilisers and Other Agri Inputs Including the Machinery to be provided to Tribals
    3. Incentivise Tribals for Permanent Agricultural Practises so that they will be motivated for it
    4. Demonstration of Successful Results of Settled Agriculture
      
      Shifting Cultivation changed into Terrace Farming in North East India in Himalayas
    5. Note : Dhebar Commission Recommended the Concept of PTG in 1973 which was renamed as PVTG in 2006
- Illiteracy and Education
  - Background
    1. Education is the most effective weapon to uplift Individuals, Groups and Societies
    2. Tribals → Integration into Mainstream Society
    3. Constitution of India gave Rt to Education
      1. Gave Equal Rights
      2. Free & Compulsory Education 6 - 14 Years RTE
      3. Mid Day Meals
    4. Hence Govt is Giving → Food + Education + School Dress + Bags + Books
    5. All these Facilities are Provided so that Enrollment Ratio can be Increased and Dropout Ration can be Decreased
    6. Examples
      1. Jawahar Navoday
      2. Kasturba School
      3. Eklavya Model
      4. Kendriya Vidyalaya
      5. Dedicate Tribal Schools promoted by Various Central and State Govts
    7. Dropout Rate at Primary is 38% and Secondary is 70% which is a Big Concern
    8. Quality of Teachers and Absenteeism are Big Concerns
    9. Lack of Vernacular Education or Local Dialects
  - Committee and Commissions by Government
    1. Committees
      1. XaXa Committee, 2011
      2. Dhebar Commission, 1961
      3. Kothari Committee, 1966
    Over All they Suggested that there are some
    1. Govt and Administrative Side Problems
      1. Less no of Schools in Tribal Area
      2. Students Have to Walk Longer Distances, Crossing Jungles, Rivers & Mountain Barriers
      3. Language Constraints
      4. School Environment is Quite Different from Traditional Tribal Setup
      5. Syllabus doesn’t have much studies about tribals and students → Hence they don't relate to it
      6. Discrimination between Tribal and Non Tribal Students
      7. Sexual Harassment cases against Tribal Students. Example of Certain Ashram Schools of Maharashtra
    2. There are Certain Tribal Side Problems
      1. Less Participation in School and More in Jobs
      2. Poverty
      3. Tribals Mentality that there are Less Options are there for Govt Sector
  - Constitutional / Legislative & Other Administrative Measures
    1. Fundamental Rights - Art 15(4) , Art 21 A, Art 30
    2. DPSP - Art 46
    3. Fund Duty - Art 51(G)
    4. Schools - RTE, SSA, MDM, KBV, Tribal Schools, Navodaya School
    5. Reservation in Education
  - XaXa Recommendation on Tribal Education
    1. Local Teachers
    2. Involve Gram Sabha in School Day to Day Activities
    3. Increase Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
    4. Many Nomadic Tribes from One place to another Place, Hence Provide Residential Facilities for Nomadic Tribes
    5. Special Coachings for Tribals in Higher Education
    6. Check Discrimination, Abuse and Neglect
  - Case Studies
    1. Livelihood College of Bastar & Dantewada Region of CG → Part Time Employment and Skill Based Studies for Easy Jobs
    2. Prakash Amte from Maharashtra Started Lok Biradari Prakalp
    3. Gotra Bandhu Model of Kerala - School Appoints Mediator from School for Tribals to convince parents for sending their children to schools
    4. Dedicated Tribal University by Orissa
- Health Challenges & Undernutrition
  
  Add Data from Data Sheet & From Handout
  - Case Studies
    - Khairwar or Khaiwar of MP
      1. They are almost on the Verge of Extinction due to Syphilis (STI) due to coming in contact with Outsiders
      2. Misconception : Black Magic is Caused by Baigas
    - Jarawas
      1. They are facing new infections due to outside contact with Tourists and Outsiders
    - Singpo of Arunachal
      1. Drug Addiction Problems
    - Bastar Belt
      1. When Someone is Sick they will first go to
        
        Magico Religious Functionaries
        
        Herbal Medicine
        
        Modern Medicine as the Last Resort
    - Study by Bhardhan
      1. Bhardhan Studied the Bhil Tribes of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
      2. If someone is ill they will not stop working or take rest unless the person is bedridden
      3. Now only they would seek Treatment, Here they do not go with Govt or Medical Health Advisories
      4. They Don't accept the Free Treatment due to their Belief System
  - Recommendations
    - General
      1. Awareness Literacy → to Reduce Superstition
      2. To Improve Health Hygiene and Sanitation
      3. Should Promote Vaccination
      4. Awareness of Govt Schemes
      5. Map Tribal Area based on Prominent Diseases prevalent over there
      6. There has to be a Customised Effort for Each Tribe
      7. Infrastructure > Connectivity, Dr, Hospital
      8. Promote Health Insurance so that out of pocket expenditure can be minimised
      9. Train Local Youth in Medical Facilities
      10. Improved Nutritional Support → Fortification
      11. Indian System of Medicine should be promoted
      12. Tribal Knowledge to Health Workers and Awareness about Tribal Way of Healing Clubbed with Modern Medicine Knowledge
    - XaXa Committee
      1. Stressed upon Promotion of Anganwadis for dissemination of Primary Health Knowledge and Health and Hygiene and Nutrition
      2. He talked about customised Local Planning
      3. He Recommended the Creation of Dedicated Tribal Health Council
      4. Like SEARCH NGO Lets Create Tribal Health Assemblies to
        
        Involve People
        
        Give Customised Efforts
      5. There should be a Dedicated Tribal Health Plan
      6. Increase the Human Resource in Health System in Tribal Areas
  - Nutrition Issue s
    1. Anaemia
    2. Goitre
    3. Low Body Weight
    4. Stunting
    5. Malnutrition
    These Things are Quite Common in Tribal Populations, Because
    1. Less Vitamin and Less Protein Content Diet
    2. Certain Taboos and Practises
      1. Taboos Like Not Drinking Milk, like in Meghalaya & Gond Tribes
      2. There are Taboos related to Cooked Food
      3. When we eat Raw Food, There is Less Absorption of Minerals & Vitamins etc
      4. Certain Practises Like Specific Form of Diet → thus Leading to Restricted and Limited Nutrient Contents
      5. Poverty & Unavailability of Food
      6. Improper Implementation of PDS
  - NGO Working for Tribal Welfare
    - SEARCH
      
      In Gadchiroli Region SEARCH NGO worked with Local People and they asked people about their problems and provided solutions through local peoples only
      
      They Studied Malnourishment in Children in the Maharashtra Region in Chikhaldara Region of Maharashtra
    - Mahan and Maitri Foundation
    - Maharogi Seva Samiti
    - Sevandam Foundation (Pune Region)
    - Aware (East Coast)
    - Poshan Abhiyan (National Nutrition Mission)
    - National Health Policy 2017
      1. Preventive Approach to Disease
      2. Tackling Malnutrition
    - Matri Vandan Yojana
    - Janani Suraksha Yojana
- Unemployment & Under Employment
  - Introduction
  - Issues
    1. Bad Working Conditions
    2. Middlemen Involved
    3. Wages Low
    4. Bonded Labourers
    5. Daily Wage Labourers in Industry → Hence, No Rights
  - Census Data
  - Reasons for
    1. Lack of Professional Skills & Education
    2. Intermingling Challenges based on Culture and Discrimination
    3. Land Alienation - Poverty and Indebtedness
    4. Low Demand of Tribal Product and Artisan Work due to Industrialisation
    5. Less Awareness about Government Schemes
    6. Disturbance caused by Left Wing Extremism
    7. Lack of Marketing of Tribal Products
    8. Less Technologically Compatible
    9. Less Agricultural Productivity
  - Measures
    1. Trifed
      
      Trifed is working with MOTA, is the APEX Body at the National Level.
      
      TRIFED - Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India
      
      Works Under Administrative Control of MOTA
    2. Ban on Bonded Labour
    3. Minimum Wages
    4. Reservation in Education & Jobs

Development & Tribal Displacement
1. Industrialisation, Urbanisation, Mining & Hydroelectric Dams →
  
  All these activities displace people settled over there
  
  These Kind of Activities Generally take place in Forest and Nearby Areas which are generally occupied by Tribals
  
  Here, More than 40% people are tribals →
  
  Tribal Places which are Mineral Belts of India →
  1. Most Affected → Jharkhand, Odisha, Chattisgarh, MP
  2. Second → Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra and West Bengal & Tamil Nadu
  3. Third → Uttarakhand and HP
  4. Minimum Affected → Tribal Displacements in North East of the Country
2. XaXa Said that more than 40% of Displacement is of Tribals
3. NC Saxena Committee said that Since 1990, more than 55% displacement is of tribals
4. Overall Most Prominent Reasons for Displacement is by Means of Mining and Dams
Pros and Cons of Displacements
- Pros
  1. Organised Economy Participation
  2. Increased Opportunity of Employment
  3. Better Educational Opportunities
  4. Better Health Care, Nutrition & Hygiene
  5. Reduction in Superstition like Black Magic
  6. Access to Transport and Communication
  7. Improvement in Lifestyle & Std of Living
  8. Better Access to Govt Schemes
- Cons
  - Psycho Emotive
    1. Stress
    2. Anxiety
    3. Depression due to cultural shock
    4. Identity Crisis
  - Socio Cultural
    1. Loss of Elements of Culture
      1. Loss of Traditional Art and Folklore
    2. Changes in Marriage, Family, Kinship ties
      1. Dilution of Rituals
  - Economic Lifestyle
    1. Self Sufficiency to Livelihood Struggle
    2. Land Alienation → Improper Compensation
    3. New Agri Practises to be adopted
    4. Sometimes Shifting to Settled Agriculture is NOT easy for Tribals
    5. Seasonal Employment
  - Political Impacts
    1. Losing Political Autonomy
    2. Tribal Councils Band → Under Authority
    3. Governing Body to Being Governed
  - Env Impacts
    1. Increased Pace of Deforestation
    2. Due to Deforestation Soil Erosion
    3. Increased Disasters due to loss of Natural Check
    4. Increased Pollution
    5. Invasive Species - Carrying Capacity of Ecosystem may vary
    6. Increased Human Animal Conflict
Examples of Displacement
- According to L P Vidyarthi - Tribals who are being displaced by Industrialisation are
  
  “Industrial Nomadism” or “Refugees of Progress”
- Case Studies
  1. Narmada Bachao Andolan ( Sardar Sarovar Dam) > 23,000 People need to be relocated
  2. Rihand River Dam → Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Dam (Largest Man Made Reservoir of India)
  3. Dasgupta and Vidyarthi studied the Tribal Areas in Ranchi → Displacement of HO Tribes
Suggestions and Recommendation
1. Tribal Panchsheel should be fulfilled in Word and Spirit
2. Land Against Land in a Near By Area + Redistribution of Extra Land
3. Cash Compensation should be Minimum and Avoided
4. Public Purpose
5. 5th and 6th Schedule Proper Recommendation
6. Some Prominent Suggestion by XaXa Committee Reports are
  1. with EIA of Projects, there should be Social Impact Assessments
  2. Tribal or People Centric Development not Economy Centric
  3. Participation of Tribals in Planning Implementation
  4. Land Against Land or Compensation based on Market Prices not on Govt Prices
  5. Time Bound Resettlement and Settlement in Near By Areas
  6. Public Purpose should be Defined Clearly

Industrialisation and Impacts on Tribals
1. Parallel to Displacements and Aftermaths
2. Industrialisation → Steel Plants, Thermal Power Plants, Aluminium Industry, Dams and most prominently Mining related industries
3. Maximum Impacts in States Like Jharkhand Orissa CG
4. Nearly 50% Displacements due to INdustries and Developmental Activities is of Tribals
  
  According to XaXa its 40%
Impacts and Consequences of Industrialisation
1. Positive Consequence
  1. Diversification of Jobs
  2. Skills
  3. Difference Reduced
  4. Standard of Living
  5. Reduction in the Superstition
2. Negative Consequences
  1. Socio Cultural
  2. Economic
  3. Political
  4. Psycho Emotive
Case Studies
1. Rihand Dam + NALCO
2. Industrial Complex (Mining & Steel Plants) Near Ranchi → Ho Tribes → Studied by Vidyarthi and Das Gupta
3. Sardar Sarovar Dam Project
Govt Efforts to Safeguard Tribal Rights in Era of Industrialisation and Urbanisation
1. Schedule 5 & 6 of Constitution →
2. PESA, 1996 → Panchayat (Extensions) to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996
3. 73rd CAA, 1992 - For Panchayats, Part 9 of Constitution is extended to Schedule 5 on the Recommendations of Dilip Singh Bhuria Committee
  
  Recommended Empowerment of Gram Sabha to Self Govern Minor Resources
4. FRA, 2006 → Schedule Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Recognition of Forest Rights Act, 2006
  
  Objective
  1. Restitution of Deprived Forests Rights
  2. To Provide Habitat and Livelihood Rights
5. PMKKKY - Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana
  
  When Mining and Extraction of Mineral is done some portion of it should be going to District Mineral Foundation which has to be utilised for the welfare & upliftment of Tribals only like for Health, Education,
6. Vandhan Yojana by (Trifed under MoTA)
  1. Minor Forest Produce is Centre of Tribal Economy
  2. Hence, Vandhan Yojana Focuses on Centre of Tribal Economy to be → Minor Forests Produce Livelihood Development of Tribal Gatherers and Artisans
  3. It seeks to Improve Tribal Income through Value Edition and Marketing of Tribal Products
7. Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana
  1. Holistic Developments
  2. Education, Skills, Hygiene, Health, Life Standards, Food and Job Security
  3. It is need based and hence outcome oriented
  4. It is for All Tribal Populations and All Tribal Populations
  5. Its Motive is “Sankalp se Siddhi”
  6. It focused to bring on one Platform of Various Tribal Welfare Programs from State Govt to Central Govt.
  7. So as to Convergence of Efforts can take place for the Welfare of Tribal Group
Suggestions
1. Good Model of Jamshedpur (Dist East Singhbhum)
  1. It says that Give Jobs to the Tribals in the Industry which you are setting
  2. Settlement of Tribal Population should be as much near as the Original Place as Possible
  3. Hence, there will be less resentment and better governance
2. XaXa
3. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes u/a Art 338 → B D Sharma Committee Recommendations
  1. Displaced People should be Provided Home & employment as much near as possible
  2. Training, Skill Development & Entrepreneurial Activities should be Provided
  3. He Recommended Social Impact Assessment
  4. Inclusive and Sustainable Development with Tribal Sensitive Programs and Policies

Urbanisation and Impacts on Tribals
1. Due to Industrialization and Economic Growth, Cities are Reaching Upto Tribals Areas
2. MP, WB, CG, Jharkhand, AP & North Eastern India → Witnessed Maximum Urbanisation in Tribal Area
3. in North East → Industrialisation is comparatively less marked, here there is more of Administrative Town Establishment like setting up of Distt HQ, Sub Division, Tehsils, Up Tehsils
Impacts of Urbanisation - same as above

Add Pollution, Clean Drinking Water & Usage of Intoxicants
Case Studies
1. D N Majumdar
2. Das Gupta
3. Ho Tribe
4. Ranchi Region
5. Steel Plants
PESA, 1996 - Add by Self
Details of FRA 2006 - Add by Self
SEED Scheme for De Notified Tribes
Saxena Committee on FRA
1. N C Saxena said that FRA is not being implemented in many states
2. When Tribals & Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD) claim their rights (Individual and Community Rights - Gram Sabha). Most of the Rights are Rejected
3. Unawareness related to Rights is seen
4. Either the Rights on Minor Forest Produce are NOT Recognised, or even if recognised they are getting very less value for that
XaXA Committee Report on FRA
1. Community Rights are not being Granted, only Individual Rights are being focused upon
2. Rejection of Rights due to non documentation to support ST Status
  
  Meaning No Document to Support ST Status
3. Agro Forestry, Social Forestry and Community Forestry is having very Less Involvement of Tribals
4. Lack of Awareness, Related to FRA and Its Provisions
5. Here , in FRA Non Tribals are getting more benefits as compared to Tribals
6. Lack of Active Participation of Gram Sabha

Development of Forest Policy
- Importance of Forest and Natural Resources to Tribals
  1. Livelihood
  2. Culture
  3. Identity
  4. Religion
  5. Symbiotic Relations
    1. Like Yenadi of Andhra who Protect Olive Ridley Turtle ( They consider it as their totem)
    2. Maldhari of Gujarat → Lion
    3. Lisu Tribes of Tibet, Myanmar & Arunachal → Hornbill Conservation
- Tribals always belonged to Forests and Forests Belonged to Tribals
Forest Policies
- Pre Independent India
  1. Pre British Period
    
    Forests = Tribals Synonymous
  2. British Period
    
    Policy of Exploitation
    
    Forced Mass Exodus of Tribals
- Independent India
  - in General
    1. Maximum Utilisation of Forests and Forests Products for Nation Building
    2. Tribals were made Part of Forests Based Development
  - 1856
    
    Dalhousie came out with Draft of Forests Policy
    
    Railway Sleepers needed Huge Timber Supply which led to Mass scale Deforestation
    
    Hence British Indian Government Entered into Forests
  - 1864 - Dedicated Forest Dept.
    
    A Dedicated Forests dept was created
  - 1865 - FRA, 1865
    
    Socially Recognised Practises of Tribals to be Regulated by States
    
    Hence, Pastures were to be Regulated
  - 1878 - Forest Act
    1. Three Types of Forests were there
      1. Reserved
      2. Protected
      3. Village
    2. Here Grazing and Collection of Produce wasn't allowed
  - 1894 - Draft of National Forest Policy
  - 1924 - First National Forest Policy
    1. It was proposed to use forests for Public Benefit
    2. Restrictions and Prohibitions were extended towards Tribals and Forests Dwellers
    3. Commercial Value of Forests were Identified
    4. First Time a Forest Official Post was created
    5. All these led to Gross Land Alienation of Tribals by means of
      1. Forceful Seizing of Land
      2. Forced to Evacuate the Forests Area
    6. There was Huge Opposition and Resentment
    7. Example : Eka Movement
  - 1927 - India Forest Act
    1. Further Regulation of Peoples Right Over Forests
    2. Codified Powers of Forests Official
    3. Dedicated Indian Forests Service followed by State Forests Service Emerged Here
    4. Including Rangers, Foresters and Forests Guards
    5. Gross Misuse of Authority given to officials
    6. Which in Turn Led to → Further Land and Forest Alienation in Tribals
  - 1952 - National Forests Policy
    1. Objective was that of Maximum Revenue from Forests to contribute towards Nation Building
    2. No Special Relief to Tribals
    3. IFA 1927 Continued → Which Led to Further Land Alienation for Tribals
    4. Here Environment was Degraded, like
      1. Soil Erosion
      2. Usage of Timber should be of that one which can be Generated Quickly
      3. Trees - Plantations
  - 1973 - Dhebar Commission
    
    Dhebar Commission was formulated to study the impact of forests policies on Tribals and to suggest some corrective measures. it was formulated to understand the Importance of Forests in the Life of Tribals. It said that Forests & Natural Resources is a way of life for Tribals
    
    Commission Criticised the Government for not giving due attention to the rights of Tribals
  - 1988 - National Forest Policy
    1. it was a watershed development after independence.
    2. It's important because this policy accepted tribals as forests protectors
    3. Here Focus was more on Ecological Balance through afforestation, Reforestation and Controlling Deforestation
    4. This policy extended the concept of Agroforestry, Social Forestry and Join Forests Management
    5. It proposed that Contractors between Government and Tribals should be abolished and they should be replaced with tribal cooperatives with maximum representation of tribals
    6. It suggested marketing of Tribal Products through Institutional Mechanisms which later transformed into Trifed
    7. Its target was to bring at least 1/3 of India Geographical Area under Forest s and Tree Cover
  - 1996 - PESA
  - 2006 - FRA
    
    Add from Written Class Notes
    
    Findings from XaXa & Saxena Committee

Concept of Social Forestry
- Introduction
  1. Forest and Tree Cover is Created Outside Conventional Forestry in Societal, Community or Panchayat Land.
  2. Example: Road Side Trees, Canal Side Trees
  3. Not to Mention in Answer → Ex: Most Mature Form of Social Forestry is Miyawaki Method → Because it is used in Urban Area
  4. Benefits
    1. No Damage to Forest
    2. Increased Green Cover
    3. Ensuring the Availability of Forest Produce for Tribals and Forest Dwellers
    4. Land Used in Fallow and Unutilised Land is used for creation of Forests
    5. Prevention of Soil Erosion
- Types of Social Forestry
  1. Agro Forestry
    
    It can be performed on Farming or Agricultural Land → It is called Farm Forestry or Agro Forestry ( Agricultural + Forestry)
  2. Community Forestry
    
    Community Forestry is done on Rural Land & Panchayat Land to Fulfill the Local Demand of Vegetables
    
    Some time the Demand of Honey can be utilised
  3. Social Forestry
    
    Social Forestry has entered into Urban Areas also in the form of Urban Forestry like Miyawaki Method
    
    Its a Japanese Method of Urban Forestry
    
    Kerala and Maharashtra have adopted Miyawaki Method on Large Scale
  4. Green Muffler
    
    It is used to Absorb the Noise of the City. Hence it is also called Green Muffler
    
    A Green Muffler is a Green Covering around the Cities Place to damp the Noise of City
- Background & Case Studies on Social Forestry
  1. 1990’s → Social Forestry Emerged as a Prominent Concept
  2. In Nearly 20 Years Various Experts did evaluation studies on Social Forestry
- Observation Around Social Forestry
  1. It created awareness about importance of forest and forest resources
  2. Social Forestry Increased, Green Cover Increased, Still Overgrazing and Deforestation Continued
  - 1. Social Forestry Promoted Monoculture Plantations
    Example: Like Eucalyptus in Dandakaranya Plateau Region
    
    CAMPA Act: Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority Act, 2016
    
    CAMPA → Statutory Body under CAMPA Act, 2016
    1. Either they have to Find a New Place for Creation of New Forests for Same Area
    2. If No Area is Found, then they have to maintain Double the Area of Degraded Forests
    3. Net Present Value of Deforestation is Rs 100 wrt to Land and entire forest resource, then they have to deposit Rs 100 under Public Accounts Fund of India
      
      10% of this Money - Retained by Centre
      
      90% of this Money - To be Diverted to States
      
      Hence, Every State has its own CAMPA Fund under respective state public account
    4. But here in Compensatory Plantation, the diversity of Forests is reduced because of Monoculture Plantation
      
      In British India, In Central India, there was Teak, Sal, Tendu but when Britishers started using Forest Resources, they replaced Teak, Sal, Tendi, Kusum, Arjun, Mulberry with Sal
      
      In Himalayas, There is Pine Trees Monoculture
  1. Less Enthusiasm in People (Particularly Forestry) through Social Forestry
  2. Large time period is required for growth of New Forests
Joint Forests Management
- Introduction
  1. Lets Manage Forests through Join Effort of Local People like Villagers or Tribals with Forest Officials
  2. Fringes Area and Outskirts where Population Density is More → People will harness the Resources
  3. But this Harnessing of the Resources should NOT be overexploitation
  1. A K Banerjee was a Forest Officer, He Said
    
    Grazing, Minor Forests Produce were used by Tribals. In Return he asked for Protection and Management of Forests from Tribals
    
    This was Kind of Limited Exploitation of Forests
  2. Banerjee tried this with NGO and later came out with JFM Policy
  3. Under JFM, Excess and Exploitation of Forest Resources is allowed on Certain Terms and Conditions like
    1. maintenance of healthy soil ecosystem
    2. collection of dry, leaves, woods etc
    3. planting of saplings and vegetation
    4. Maintenance of Fallow part of forests
  4. If such conditions are fulfilled, resources of the forest can be open to Limited Exploitation
- Village Forest Council
  
  It is Constituted, it is a kind of representative body of villagers
  
  Between Village Forest Council and Govt ( Forest Department) there is a MoU is Signed
- Benefits of JFM
  1. People Centric and People Oriented and People Oriented Governance i.e active participation of people in the Governance
  2. There is an improvement in the forest and biodiversity and fulfillment of demand of the resources
  3. JFM is combined with MGNREGA, Hence for Tribals it is a source of income generation with resource allocation from forest
  4. Case Study : Himachal Model of JFM
    
    It reduced Man Animal Conflict as people aren't allowed in Animal Area aren't allowed
  5. Case Study : Meghalaya Forest Village Scheme
    1. Another Benefit is Marketing of Tribal Products with Quality Assurance by Forests Department
    2. Quality Assurance by Forest Department
    3. TRIFED Can be Involved
  6. Case Study : Himachal Model of JFM
    1. Himachal Made a Rule that every Family should have a women participant
  7. Case Study : Karnataka Model of JFM
    1. Over 10% of Open Forests, Earlier it was a Fallow Land with very Less Vegetation. But it is now under Green Cover
    2. Increase in the Green Cover & Increase in the Carbon Stock
  8. Case Studies : Gaddis in Himachal and Gujjars/Bakarwals in Kashmir
    1. With JFM initiatives there was a Significant Control Seen in Overgrazing within these Tribes
    2. Which Led to Prevention of Bio Diversity Loss and Along with it It allowed the Growth of Wild Grass
- Conclusion
  
  JFM can contribute towards
  1. Human Resource Development
  2. Sustainable Management of Forests and Natural Resources
  3. Livelihood and Sustenance of Tribals and Forests Dwellers, Significantly Reducing the Soil Erosion
  4. Protection and Conservation of Bio Diversity
National Forests Policy Draft, 2018 ( Now Withdrawn)
1. Reasons for withdrawing this policy was non acceptance of Pressure Groups & Corporate World
2. To bring 1/3rd of total geographical area of country under forests and tree cover
3. Forests Certification
  
  Example Timber is Forest Produced means → The Timber has not been Produced by any Unsustainable Practices
  
  It was designed by NCCF : Network for Certification and Conservation of Forests
  
  Its an International NGO
  
  This kind of certification is needed because many Developed Countries are Importing Products which are only Forest Certified
  
  Note : Beggars Can't be Choosers
4. Active Participation of Local People, Tribals & Forest Dwellers in Forest Based Economy

Social Change & Tribals
- What is Social Change in General
  - Gillin & Gillin
    
    According to Gillin and Gillin Social Changes are variations from the accepted mode of life
    
    These can be due to
    1. Alteration in Geographical Conditions
    2. Changes in Cultural Components
    3. Changes in Population Composition
    4. Changes in Ideology
    These Changes can be brought about by Diffusion or Innovation with in (Rationalisation of thoughts) the Group
  - Maciver & Page
    
    Social Change is a Process responsible for many type of changes like
    1. changes in conditions of life → Material Conditions
    2. changes in attitude of people → Thought Process
    3. changes in belief system → Religious Beliefs and Superstitions
    4. changes in Physical Nature of Things → Importance of Technological Innovations, Modern Amenities etc
- Social Change in Tribals in India
  
  | Before Independence | After Independence | | --- | --- | | Pre British Period | Post British Period | | Less Marked Changes | Well Marked Changes | | Generally until 1800 | Post 1947 |
  - Before British Period
    
    Suresh Singh (SCA + Sociologists)
    1. He said that Mughals considered Bhils, Gonds, Kols and Minas as most dominant tribal groups in India
    2. He said that → Rajput, Mughal, Early European Powers influenced the Tribal Matrix
      
      For Example:
      1. Authority System of Rajputs
      2. Chronological System of Administration
      Started leaving some footprints in Tribals like Changes in Agricultural Patterns and Irrigations were accommodated or seen in traces in tribals
    3. Settlement Patterns Emerged in Tribals, Like Reduction in Nomadism
      
      Here, Agents of Sanskritisation Entered into tribal societies
  - During British Period
    - In General These Changes Happened
      1. Changes were studied by Surjeet Singh, Surjeet Singh, F G Bailey, S R Sharma
      2. Most Prominent Thing seen was → Breakdown of Isolated Life and Isolated Economy of Tribals
      3. Breakdown of Communal Mode of Production and Consumption
      4. Intrusion of Outsiders like Moneylenders & Christian Missionaries
      5. Any Outsider in Tribal Society was called a Dikkus or a Dikky simpley meaning Alien
      6. Commercialisation of Forests Started
    - S R Sharma explained Impacts of British Rule on Tribal Life
      1. Changes in Social Control Mechanism
      2. Relative Isolation Got Diluted or in some places came to an end
      3. Tribal Markets and Tribal Economy saw entry of currency from barter
        
        Thus witnessing its journey from Communal Economy to Market Economy
      4. Changes in Customary Laws, Beliefs, Religious Practised and New British Practises Came out
      5. Commercialisation of Forest Land, Agriculture and Forest Economy
      6. Due to All the Above Stated Reasons → Multiple Tribal Revolts Took Place
  - After British Period
    1. Industrialisation, Urbanisation, Westernisation and Modernisation
    2. Social Economic and Political Inclusion (Tribal Panchsheel and Inclusive Measures)
      
      Welfare Measures
      
      Developmental Programs and Policies like Tribal Subplan
    3. Constitutional Provisions for Changes
      1. 5th Schedule
      2. 6th Schedule
      3. PESA
      4. FR & DPSP
    4. LPG Reforms in Indian Economy
    5. Educational Institutions
    6. Health Infrastructure Development
    7. Connectivity of Earlier Inaccessible Tribal Areas to Larger part of the Country
    8. Political Reorganisation of State Based on Tribal Identities
- Social Changes in Independent India
  - Family
    1. tilt towards Nuclear Family
    2. Position of Women Improved at certain Circumstances
    3. Matriarchal → elements of Patriarchy Entered
  - Economy
    1. Barter Economy
  - Health and Education
  - Marriage Patterns
    1. Tribal Exogamy Started
    2. Changes in Bride price to Dowry
    3. More Sacred Rituals
    4. Moving Towards Monogamous Marriages
  - Political Representation
    
    MP MLA MLC Autonomous Council PRI President Tribal
    
    Political Representation of Women Seen
  - Religious Beliefs and Practises
    1. Organised Belief System
    2. Entry of Sanskritic Rituals
      1. Impact of Hinduism and Christianity
    3. Reduction in Traditional Witchcraft Black Magic Extra
  - Miscellaneous
- Case Study by Gadgil and Guha
  - Asur & Agaris
    1. They Studied Artisans of CNP → Asur and Agaris
    2. Ironsmith Technology, Tools and Equipments almost faded
    3. Now they have Shifted to Agriculture or Daily wage Labour due to introduction of Machines
  - Dhurvas and Baigas
    
    DHOKDA Craft Making Style of MP CG is almost Extinct Now
    
    Because of No Support from Government and No Skill Development from Artist
  - Chenchus and Chinchus & Jenu Kurubas
    
    Jenu Kurubas → They are called as the Honey Collectors of Nilgiris
    
    They have no Livelihood, Some are getting Involved as Agricultural Labourers and Some in Criminal Activities
    
    Now Govt is Involving them in Conservation of Wildlife particularly Elephants
- Case Study By Animesh Roy
  
  In Mizo Tribe
  
  If Mother is Dead and If she has kid of < 5 Years of Age, She or He was Buried with the Mother
  
  But Missionaries During British Period, Various Orphanages and Govt Bodies like Child Care Departments are taking Responsibility of them
- Independent Case Study - Khasi Tribe
  
  In Khasi Village in Meghalaya, within a Single Tribe there were
  
  One Side of Village Lived with Missionaries and Christanties and Others Continued to Live with their Original Traditions
  
  Hence the Concept of Converts and Non Converts
- Policy of Govt Towards the Tribals After Independence
  1. In Theory - Tribal Panchsheel Exists, But in Practise it is Elusive
  2. Integrative and Assimilative Approach → There is Still a Lot of Discrimination and Insensitivity towards Tribals
- Suggestions
  1. Tribal Panchsheel Policies should be followed properly
  2. To Abide by the Recommendations of XaXa Committee
  3. Effective Job Based and Quick Rehabilitation and Resettlement Strategies should be Implemented
Impact of Modern Democratic Institutions on Indian Tribals
- Due to
  1. Political Institutions
    1. Constitution of India
    2. Laws Judgement Policies framed by Parliament or State Legislatures
    3. PRI and Gram Sabha
  2. Financial Institutions
    1. Regional Rural Banks
    2. Co Operatives
    3. SHG’s
  3. Health and Educational Institutional
- Case Studies in India due to Impact of
  1. Gadgil Guha
  2. Mizo
  3. Khasi
  4. Artisans
  5. B D Sharma (Chairperson of NCST)
    
    He Suggested Rai Sabha of Gonds of Telangana and Odisha
    
    Rai Sabha is means of Tribal Leaders in Village Assembly
    
    Govt allowed by Saying that if it Rai Sabha matches with Panchayati Raj System then there is No Issue
  6. E Prasad - Rural or Tribal Bihar ( Present Day Jharkhand )
    
    Traditional Leadership = Egalitarian Society
    
    New Leaders Based on Modern Democratic Institutions like through PRI’s → Now they are focusing More on Increasing Self Importance
    
    Pol Science calls this process of trying to increase thy self power as Aggrandizement
    
    This Leads to Promotion of Neta Culture within Tribals as wells
  7. Report by National Commission on Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
    1. They mentioned that new modern democratic institutions are not well accepted by Tribals. They Prefer to Maintain Traditional Institutions
      
      Example Khonds → They maintain Sabha of their Elders
    2. These Traditional Institutions do not have any stance or stay in Self Govt Institutions
      
      Leaders or Mechanism of Traditional Institutions should be Incorporated with Modern Democratic Institutions for better acceptance
  8. People of India Project said that Rai Sabha kind of models where Traditional and Modern Democratic Institutions go hand in hand
- Welfare Measures - Updated Document to be Received
  1. Economic Welfare
  2. Educational Empowerment
  3. Poverty Alleviation
  4. Employment
  5. Health and Hygiene
- “An Introduction to Tribal Transformation in India” is a 5 Volume Book by Buddhadeb Chaudhuri → Important
  
  Broad Outcome or Theme of the Study is
  1. Tribals are forcefully being pushed towards market economy without proper resources to survive in the competitions
  2. FELT NEED Approach is Grossly Missing in Government Tribal Policies
    
    This Increases the InSensitivity
  3. Development of Tribals is well below the Expectation due to Defective Policy Formulation and Implementation
Impact of Various Religions and Tribals
- General Religion of Tribals
  1. Naturism
  2. Animism
  3. Animatism
  4. Totemism
  5. Bongoism
  6. Fetishism
  7. Ancestral Worshipping
- Hinduism - Major Impact
  1. Answer can be started with this argument that
    1. Even in the Epics like Mahabharata & Ramayana. There are some references of Tribes being Influenced by Hinduism
    2. One Famous Character from Ramayana - Shabari who gave fruits to Lord Rama → She was from Sabari Tribes
    3. Hidimba → Wife of Bhim in Mahabharata was a Tribal Lady
    4. Tana Bhagat Movement - Tana Bhagat was a Tribal from Eastern India who was influenced from Hindu Bhakti Movement
      
      He popularised Hinduism in CNP
  2. More than 90% of Tribal Populations are
    1. Oriented Towards Hinduism
    2. Tilted Towards Sanskritic Rituals
    3. with this they still follow Tribal Beliefs and Practises
  3. Areas in India
  4. During Britishers
    1. Entry of Outsiders in Forests → Cultural Contact → Acculturation
      
      Due to that Tribals were exposed to larger hindu society
    2. Revenue Administration of British India appointed Intermediaries
      
      Involvement of Money Lenders Increased
    3. Mass Exodus of Tribals → Tribals came in contact with Larger Hindu Society
  5. During Post Independence
    
    Various Agents of Westernisation, Sanskritisation, Modernisation etc
    
    They have Increased the Contact between Outsiders, Mainly Hindus and Tribals
  6. Conclusion
    
    Impact of Hinduism was Not Uniform
    1. Not Equal on All the Tribes
    2. Not Equal in All the Time Periods
  7. All these things started the Entry of Hindu Traditions within Tribals
    
    Brahminical Traditions entered into Tribal Life
    
    Example:
    1. Gonds Following the Rajput Lifestyle
    2. Bhils following the Brahmins and Rajputs
    3. Sanskritisation → In Terms of Tribals according to Kshatriyaisation because maximum tribes were adopting Rajput Tribes Lifestyles and Administration
  8. Peasantization within Tribals
    1. Cultivating Practise
    2. Harvesting Festivals started in Tribal Studies
  9. Case Studies
    1. Oraons Case Study by Sachidanand Sinha
      1. Swami Pooja and Animal Sacrifice at Goddess Mandapa to Priests
      2. Tana Bhagat is from Oraons
      3. They Left Beef Eating
      4. They Started Wearing Sacred Threads
    2. Bhil Tribes - Referred at People of India Project
      1. Bhils consider Goddess Parvati belongs to Bhil Tribe
      2. Hence they Demand Bride Price from Lord Shiva
      3. Shiva Refused to Pay the Bride Price
      4. As a Revenge they Killed Nandi (Bull)
      5. They thought so because they thought that Nandi’s Shoulder had some pearls
      6. But they Got a Curse from Shiva that they will live in Poverty
      7. With Curse is the Blessings i.e Vardaan by Shiva → If they will do theft or robbery there poverty will be reduced
      8. Hence they call themselves as Thieves of Shiva
    3. N K Bose - Juangs of Odisha
      1. Juangs were Shifting Cultivators but due to influence of Hindus they started settled settled agriculture coming out of forests
      2. N K Bose wrote → The Hindu Method of Tribal Absorption
  10. Overall Impacts of Hinduism on Tribals
    1. Settled Agriculture
    2. Religious Practises and Worshipping Pattern Changed
    3. Wearing of Sacred Thread Started
    4. Dowry
    5. Changes in Marriage and Family Structure
    6. Marriage and Family Structure
    7. Sanskritic Festivals
    8. Entry of Caste System
    9. Food Habits (Beef Eating Denounced)
    10. Decreased Egalitarianism
    11. Reduction in Importance of Youth Dormitories
    12. Gender Bias Increased
- Christianity - Major Impact
  1. British Legacy primarily when the missionaries came to India → When the Churches were Set Up
  2. Nearly 5% of Tribal is Affected by Christianity
  3. Predominantly in North Eastern Part of Country
  4. Some Pockets in Central and Eastern India & Very Less in Southern India
    
    Impact of Christianity is more in Southern India but Impact of Christianity on Tribes of Southern India is Less
  5. Christian Missionaries were the First Ones who entered with Welfare Measures.
  6. Setting up Hospitals and Educational Institutions
  7. They Set up many Orphanages as well
  8. Tribals accepted Christian Missionaries because
    1. Against the Social Divisions
    2. Money Lenders and Middle Men were generally Hindus who were treating tribals badly
    3. No Caste Based Hierarchy in Christianity
  9. British Administration Intentionally Propagated Christianity
    1. Charter Act 1813 - Allowed Missionary Activities
    2. Incentivised Missionaries
    3. Helped in Infrastructure Development
  10. Portuguese Also Brought in Christianity with them at the West Coast → Christianity in Goa
  11. Case Studies
    1. Khasi Tribes
      
      Two Groups of Christian Convert Khasis and Non Convert Khasis
    2. Mezos
      
      Stopped Burying the Child with Dead Mother
    3. Case Study of K N Sahay
      
      He Studied the Christian Converts of CNP Region
      
      People who converted to Christianity ; Started Considering themselves as Superior to Non Converts
      
      They were with the opinion that they are practising best religions of the World
      
      Due to all these we witnessed division in Oraon
  12. Over All Impact of Christianity
    1. Secular and Modern Values against Superstition
    2. Institutionalised Belief System
    3. Child Marriage + Polygamy → Discouraged
    4. Welfare Measures in Terms of Health and Education
    5. Support of Church in Socio Economic Spheres
    6. Western Lifestyle → Dressing, Food Habits → Started Penetrating in Tribals
    7. Bifurcation of Society into Converts and Non Converts
    8. Against Communal Ownership of Resources Private Landholdings were seen
    9. Decline in the Usage and Functionality of Youth Dormitories
- Islam - Minor Impact
  1. Marginal Impact on Tribals → Hardly 0.5 % of Tribal Population in the Country
  2. Due to Certain Fixed & Rigid Dogmas → Islam is Monotheistic Religion
  3. In Hinduism and Christianity → They followed both the Previous and Traditional Practises they followed the new religion as well
    
    Which was NOT the case with Islam
  4. Currently Muslim Tribals are found in the
    1. Gujjars and Bakarwals in Himalayan Belt
    2. Maldharis of Kutch Region of Gujarat
    3. Lakshadweep - 7 Tribal Groups
      
      Malmis, Thakrus, Raveris, Melacheris → Due to Influence of Malabar Coast of Kerala
      
      Preachers and Sufi Saints from Malabar Coast towards Lakshadweep
    4. Scattered Populations in
      1. Central India
      2. Western India
  5. No Missionary Involvement
  6. Lakshadweep
    1. Lakshadweep was a Matrilineal Society. Now it is declining due to influence of Islam → Moving Towards Patriarchy
    2. Earlier Certain Puberty Rites for Girls → now no such rights
    3. Now they have Monotheistic Religion, but some previous rituals also continued
    4. People are conforming to Shariat, because of which
      
      Along with Malayalam words of Arabic and Urdu are also being used
- Buddhism - Minor Impacts
  1. Very Limited Impacts
  2. Very Few Examples
    1. Bhotias - Sikkim
    2. Bhots → Ladakh
    3. Lepchas → Sikkim
    4. Chakmas → Tripura
    5. Naga Lepcha → Arunachal Pradesh
  3. They are affected by Tibetan Buddhism
  4. Even after adopting Buddhism, none of these groups totally buddhistic. They Have Not Adopted Buddhism to the Core
    
    They still follow their traditional social life
  5. No Division based on Converts and Non Converts
  6. They maintain Gompas which act as Sort of Monasteries Only - Here they Put up Pictures of Buddha
    
    They have their priests called Lamas
  7. Case Study by Haimandoff on Nishis of Arunachal
    
    That they are appointing Lamas and still retaining their old practises

Concept of Ethnicity
1. Literal Meaning of Term Ethnic is Race
2. It is not restricted to race but also includes
  1. Sharing Some Common History of Heritage
  2. Unity Between the People
  3. Sharing Some Common History / Heritage
  4. Have Common Belief System
  5. Region or Religion Specific
3. Term Ethnicity was Coined by Van Der Berghe
  
  He Said that: An Ethnic Group which is a Collection of Culturally Related People
  
  Living within a Designated Ethnic Boundary
4. In the Words of Cohen
  
  Ethnicity is a Process of Interaction between the Cultural Groups operating within a Common Social Context
5. The Concept of Ethnic Boundary was given by Fredrik Barth
  
  He Maintained that “People in a Group are bound by primordial bonds”
6. In a Broader Term : Today the Term Ethnicity is More Parallel to Nation
  
  but Both Non Ethnic Nations and Multi Ethnic Nations do Survive
Fredrick Bath and Ethnicity

Can be called as Characteristics of an Ethnic Groups
1. He Maintained that people in Ethnic Groups are bound by Primordial Bonds
2. Ethnicity is that Population which are Biologically Self Perpetuating
  
  By Means of Biological Production & Not by Migration
3. An Ethnic Group shares Fundamental Cultural Value
4. People in Same Ethnicity make up a field for communication and Interaction
5. They have a Membership which Identifies Itself and is distinguishable from others
Based on Opinions of Various Anthropologists & Sociologists - Features of an Ethnic Group are
1. There is Socio Cultural Uniformity
2. Membership is by Birth
3. Group Feeling - More Focus on we than “I”
4. Separated from Other Ethnic Boundaries may be Geographically or Culturally or Biologically
Different Approaches to Elaborate or Define
- 1. Primordial Approach
  2. It was propagated by Clifford Geertz & some other anthropologists
  3. This Approach Regards Ethnicity as a Natural Bond Between the People which is the Most Fundamental Reality of their Existence
  4. This Natural Bond between the People can be based on a Shared Geography or Common Socio Cultural Norms and Features
  5. This Approach further Argues that such ethnic Sentiments & Attachments can lead to Social Turbulence, may be violence which can be dysfunctional in the development process of civil society or society at large
  6. Primordial Approach is Basically the Sentiments which are continued since generation and generations
- 1. Marxist and Neo Marxist Approach
  2. Ethnic Conflicts will emerge in a Situation where there is a Cultural Division Based on Superiority, Labour ownership of Resources etc i.e
  3. When Members of One Ethnic Group are placed in a Subordinate Position within a Common Geographical Location
  4. Also, when the geographies are different, the sub ethnicities in one geography, can come together in retaliation to, Ethnicities belonging to Different Geographies
  5. Pictorial Representation
- 1. Modernisation & Development Approach of Ethnicity
  It states that instead of dissolving ethnic sentiments modernisation and development with associated dynamics have increased ethnic sentiments
- 1. Pluralist Approach of Ethnicity
  People in a Multi Ethnic Plural Society Mix, Stay Together but do not combine the ethnic sentiments
  
  Every Group Holds a Particular Religion, Language, Institution which are advocating and Bargaining for the rights of their own ethnic people
  
  These Latent Sentiments of Ethnic Connections can be significant reasons for possible ethnic conflicts in future
  
  Ethnics Connection can be represented at various political fronts to fulfill the demands and political representation at appropriate platforms
  
  Example By:
  
  In the words of Political Analyst Dipankar Gupta, Indian Political System is having diverse varieties of identities, political presentations, regional aspirations etc which can be synergising or diverging based on demand of the situation
  
  For Example
  
  Various Southern States are having multiple interstate disputes, like River Water Disputes which are discussed from time to time.
  
  But at the National Level, if there is a discussion of Hindi as a National Language, all southern states voice together
  
  Dipankar Gupta Said that, Ethnicity is an excellent tool for identification of aspiration of communities, to preserve and safeguard their identities
Ethnic or Cultural Boundaries by Fredrik Bath

Caste Boundaries or Cultural Boundaries → The Concept was promoted by Fredrik Bath with a Basic Argument that

Common Identity or Ethnicity based on different parameters like Geography Belief System or any other parameters will be preserved by its followers, i.e ethnic identities will be retained and maintained

People of Different Ethnic Identities will have a Limited Interaction and Communication i.e Restricted Social Interaction with this to safeguard, preserve and perpetuate, their Own Identity.

The Intra Group Interaction and Communication will be Promoted.

Various Groups maintain social boundary with other groups as a parameter for social exclusion

Different Territorial Boundaries and Geographies, different territorial boundaries and geographies are not always coinciding with different socio cultural boundaries

For Example: Different Forms of Nagas are found in Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur and Assam

Fredrik Barth Maintained that, people outside ethnic boundaries are not expected to have common characteristics

that is why people of outside group are not expected to confirm to customs and norms of a Particular ethnic Group

These Ethnic Boundaries are important, in separating one ethnic group from another

These boundaries are administered and maintained by Social Boundaries and Institutions like caste council, tribal council, religion mahasabhas etc
Consequences or Impacts of Ethnic Sentiments / Ethnicity
- Functional / Positive Consequences
  1. Helps People to Preserve their Culture and Identity → More Valid in Multi Ethnic Countries
  2. Mobilisation of Groups can lead to Rights & Social Justice by acting as Pressure Groups
  3. Traditional Knowledge with Different Ethnic Groups will be Preserved
  4. Diverse Ethnicities, Staying Together Leads to Creation of Social Capital
- Negative Consequences
  1. Examples Are : Nagalim, Telangana, Bodoland, Gorkhaland, Khalistan
    
    All these movements created unrest and were threat to national unity and integrity
    
    Demands of Tribals which were legit but were against the unity and integrity of the country cannot be accepted
    
    These are clear case examples of Ethno Political Movements
  2. Ethno Political Movements → When a Group or Several Groups of People, on the basis of identical, racial and cultural characters, unite and fight for their rights and identities under their right under a political banner
  3. Ethnicity or Ethnic Sentiments create InGroup and OutGroup Feelings in the People
    
    which can in turn lead to Violence within the Groups → Inter Religion, Inter Caste Violence
  4. They Lead to Tribal Movements or Tribal Unrests can also be Triggered
    
    Example: Nagalim Movement, Munda / Ho / Santhal Rebellions before Independence
  5. Social Disharmony due to these sentiments, violation of human rights and challenges to minorities (Religious, Linguistic, or Caste Based Minorities)
- Solution / Avoidance
  1. Festivals, Games & Fares etc
    
    Example: Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav
    
    Example: Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
    
    Example: Khelo India Campaign
  2. Confidence Building Measures like Regular Meetings and Cultural Exchanges
  3. Religious Leaders / Judges / Politicians can act as Agents of Social Harmony
  4. Regional Disparity in Development should be Minimised
    
    Fulfilling the true Spirit of Tribal Panchsheel in Sch 5 and Sch 6 Area
  5. Social Media, Civil Society & Media

Overview of India in terms of Ethnic Sentiments
1. In India - Agents of Conflicts Are - Can be used in Introduction
  1. Religion Based
  2. Region Based
  3. Caste Based
  4. Language Based
  5. Separatist Movements (like Khalistan and Nagalim Movements)
2. According to Clifford Geertz → there is a need to build a nation where the essence of unity, overrides all the loyalties related to ethnic groups i.e Ethnic Identities should be Secondary when there is a Question of National Interests
  
  Hence: Rashtra Sarvopari Hai
  
  Example: During British Period, National Sentiments were Over Riding Ethnic Sentiments because Country was not independent
  
  In Post Independent India Ethnic Sentiments are sometimes competing with the National Sentiments
3. Constitution is Secular but Sentiments are Religious (Not Secular)
Ethnic Conflicts and Associated Political Development
1. Complex Ethnic Plurality, Based on
  1. Region
  2. Religion
  3. Languages
  4. Caste
2. It is almost impossible to demarcate these identities
3. Development Disparities Leading to Unrest
4. Role of Non-State Actors → Within the Country
  
  Role of Other State Actors → Outside the Country
  
  Financial and Moral Backup of Chinese Sponsored Left Wing Extremism ( As Per Report of Ministry of Home Affairs)
5. Political Parties and Interests Groups to get Political or Other Types of Gains
Example of Ethnic Movements Related to India
1. Linguistic Reorganisation of States
  1. Gujarat and Maharashtra
  2. Punjab and Haryana
  3. Telugu Speaking Andhra from Erstwhile Madras (Tamil Nadu)
2. Movements
  1. Nagalim Movements
  2. Bodoland
  3. Gorkhaland
  4. Khalistan Movement
3. Separation of
  1. CG from MP → Disparity in Development
  2. Jharkhand from Bihar → Tribal Identity and Resources of Jharkhand and Development of Bihar
  3. Uttarakhand from UP → Separate Hill Identity
4. North East Status → Based on Practises and Identities
5. Anti Hindi as National Language Movement by Southern States
Examples of Tribal Movements Related to India
- Before Independence - Add 1 1 Points from Freedom Struggle
  1. Santhals
  2. Mundas
  3. Ho
  4. Moplas
  5. Kuki
  6. Eka Movement
  7. Kol
  8. Koli
  9. Bhil
- After Independence
  1. Jharkhand Movement
  2. Gond Movement - Adilabad District of Telangana + Involving Parts of CG also
    
    They were Separate State from Gond Populations of Telangana and CG
  3. North East Introduction
    1. Movement was for Autonomy
    2. Tribes were Demanding Non INterference by States
    3. Many Times they were violent in Nature
  4. North East - Nagalim Movement
    
    Many Times they were against state particularly by Nagalim Movement
    
    Nagalim Movement was a Movement for Demand of a Separate Country
    
    Nagalim Movement is Still Active in Many Parts of North East Particularly in Some Parts of Nagaland Bordering Myanmar
    
    NSCN Nationalist Social Council of Nagaland
  5. North East - Bodoland Movement
  6. North East - Gorkhaland - Chicken Neck Corridor to Southern Sikkim

Horowitz’s Reasons for Multi Ethnic Conflicts in India
1. He is an Anthropologist and Expert of Defence Studies
2. He Gave Some Prominent Reasons of Ethnic Conflicts
  1. Culture, Class, and Culture Based Class
  2. Feeling of Insecurity, Particularly in Minorities
  3. Economic Resources and Employments → son of soil feeling
  4. Historical Reasons like Ethnic Rivalries
  5. Self Consciousness of Ethnic Group (cultural boundary)
  6. Elite Interests like Pol Leaders, Rel Leaders, Business Houses etc
Regionalism and Demand for Autonomy

Multi Ethnic Identities of India, Based on Region, Religion, language etc led to various ethnic movements and conflicts in the country & Occasionally Violent Clashes.

They sometimes reach upto demand for separate states at multiple times or may be sometimes for a separate country too

All these events, and the aftermaths instigated demand for autonomy and regionalistic sentiments. Regionalism is a kind of attachment to one's own geographical identity and with the people sharing common conduct, belief and Location.

It is Antithesis to Nationalism

Regionalism can attract, attention of the government towards local or regional level, instead of national level

And Such Regionalism can be a Threat to National Integration and unity of the people
Causes of Regionalism in India
1. Historical Reasons - Unjustified Boundary Division in the Past
  
  Example: Nagas in Nagaland, Nagas in Southern Part of Arunachal, Nags in Parts of Assam, Nagas in Manipur
2. Diversity and Variations Between Populations
3. Political Reasons → Parties, Pressure Groups & Boundary Disputes
4. Geographical Topographic Region may lead to topographic isolation and thus reginalists sentiments
5. Land Alienation, Jobs, Employment, Resource, Utilisation
6. Socio Cultural Variation and Imbalanced Amalgamation - North with and South with North is much more amalgamated than North East than North
7. Political Destabilisation in Neighboring Countries → Unstable & Weak Government Set Up in Neighbouring Countries
  
  Example: Assam and Tripura due to Illegal Migrants from Bangladesh
  
  Many Reports have highlighted about many demographic changes in Tripura due to illegal migrants
8. Post Independent States Reorganisation can also contribute to sense of Regionalism

Tribal Unrest in India
- What are the Factors contributing to Triba Unrests
  1. Cultural Loss
  2. Identity Crisis
  3. Exploitation
- Response can be in the form
  1. Agitation
  2. Protest
  3. Movement
  4. Revolt
  5. Sometime Some of these are accompanied by Violence
- Hence Tribal Unrest can be defined as Discontent amongst Tribals due to Any Reason
- Multiple Example of Such Agitations and Revolts were seen in
  - Pre British Period
    1. Not Many Examples are Seen
    2. There were certain tussle between Tribals & Regional Powers due to
      1. Land Alienation
      2. Cultural Identity
      3. Intrusion of Outsiders
    3. Conflicts Between
      1. Marathas with Bhils
      2. Marathas with Gonds
      3. Mughals with Kols
    4. Kol was a General time used to denote the → Central and Eastern India
      
      The Umbrella Included Oraons, Ho, Munda, Santhal
      
      The Term was Promoted by British India
  - British Period
    - Unrest Due To
      1. Land Reforms
      2. Peasantization in Tribal Areas
      3. Land Revenue (Tax)
      4. Forest Policies like Ban on Shifting Cultivation
      5. Money Lenders
      6. Initial Resistance to Christian Missionaries in Main Land Central India
      These Factors led to Break in the Traditional Setup & Socio Cultural Realms
    - (1695-1800) First Phase of Tribal Unrest - Initial Phase
      1. Kol Uprisings → 1730’s to 1770’s
      2. Kherwar Movement - Santhal Ethnic Group ki Tribe → Late 18th Cen && 1830’s & 1840’s → Bhagirath Majhi
      3. Broad Santhal Revolt → Late 18th Cen to 1857 → Sidhu Kanu
    - (1857-1920) Second Phase of Tribal Unrest - Pre Gandhian Phase or Socio Religious Phase
      - Introduction
        
        From First National Revolt to NCM
        
        Issues Were Due to
        
        Religious Issues
        
        First Policy Related Issues
        
        Economic Issues + Agrarian Unrest
        
        with Ideological Backing of Socio Religious Reform Movements
      - Munda Rebellion of CNP
        
        Khuntkari System of Land - Communal Ownership of Land
        
        By Means of Joint Production and Utilisation of Resources
        
        There was no Concept of Private Land
        
        Gradually with time this Khuntkari System was Replaced by Zamindari System
        
        Hence Due to
        
        Money Lenders
        
        Agricultural Taxes
        
        Land Alienation
        
        Following Occurred
        
        Indebtedness
        
        Poverty
        
        Forced Labour
        
        Under Dynamic Leadership of Birsa Munda, Munda Rebellion Occurred
        
        As an Outcome of Munda Rebellion → Government came up with Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act in 1908 → This Act Gave Recognition to Communal Ownership of Land (or the Khuntkari System)
      - Tana Bhagat Movement
        
        Movement of Oraons
        
        Leader was Tana Bhagat
        
        Beginning of Gandhian Ideology in Tribals → Oraons adopted Satyagraha as Method of Agitation
        
        Main Target was Taxation System of British.
        
        Along with that Money Lenders, Zamindars & Missionaries were Opposed too
        
        It was influenced by Socio Religious Reform Movements
      - Bhil Uprising
      - Gond Movements
      - Ho or Haribab
    - (1920-1947) Third Phase of Tribal Unrest - Gandhian Phase
      - Introduction
        
        Impact of Gandhian Ideology
        
        Tribal Issues + Merged with National Movements
        
        Here Tribal Leaders became Nationalists
        
        Demand for Autonomy + Tribal Statehood Demand → increased in Different Parts of the Country
      - Entry of Tribal Movements in North East
        
        Bhil, Gond, Munda
        
        Kuki Movement
        
        Khasi Uprising
        
        Zeliangrong Nagas - Rani Gaidinliu of Nagaland
  - Post Independent
    - Reasons were
      1. Identity Crisis
      2. Discrimination and Exploitation History
      3. Demand for Autonomy - For Restitution of Tribal Glory
      4. All these factors made these Tribal Movements → Much Organised as Compared to the Pre Independence Movements
    - They were More Legit in Nature due to
      1. Increased Expectations from the our own government
      2. Protests and Demands to Seek from Govt was Legal by Constitution
    - Demands were of Two Nature
      1. To Fulfill the Demand
        
        for Autonomy or Statehood
      2. By Unfulfilled and Unheard
        
        Secessionist Movement - NAGA Movement
        
        Left Wing Extremism from Naxalbari Movement of West Bengal
    - B K Roy Burman
      
      Enlisted Prime Reason for Unrest in Tribal India
      1. Threat to Access and Control on Resources
      2. Traditional Identity Crisis
      3. Privacy of Habitat under Forest
      4. Challenges of Amalgamation and New Identity
      5. Other Miscellaneous Reason - All that we have studied
Concept of Pseudo Tribalism
- Meaning of Tribalism
  1. Communal Ownership and Egalitarianism
  2. Isolation
  3. Dependence of Natural Resources
  4. Strong Ethnic and Cultural Corner
  5. Strong Group Sentiments - very particular about identity - Very Strong Ethnocentric Sentiments
- Pseudo Tribalism
  1. It is not False Tribalism
  2. Rather it is False Sense of Tribalism
  3. Can be Witnessed in Tribals as well as Non Tribals
- In Context of India
  1. It is a False Sense of Tribalism which can be witnessed in Tribals and Non Tribals where a tribal movement is politically motivated.
  2. The common interests of the members is less towards cultural cohesiveness and more directed for fulfillment of economic and political agendas
  3. These Notions of Pseudo Tribalism can create Temporary Sentiments of Solidarity by suspending the differences between Tribal Groups for the Time Being
- It can involves
  1. Tribalization - MNS
    
    Caste System was not present in Tribals. So the Lower Class People, Particularly the Untouchables, started following the Tribal Life
    
    Hence, It was Tribal Mode of Sanskritisation
    
    Hence, Tribalisation is Movement from Non Tribal Way of Life to Tribal Way of Life
    
    In Bastar Region, Untouchables Started Following Tribal Way of Life and Now they are demanding ST Status
  2. Detribalisation - Surjeet Sinha
    
    Some Tribals gave up Tribal Practises & Tribal Way of Life → But They are demanding that their ST Status should be retained for Reservation and Other Benefits
Tribes and Nation States - Majorly from Handout

Rewatch from Class
- Introduction
  1. Nation
    
    Nation is People and Their Shared Belief System
    
    May Be Their Territory is Same, May be Language is Same
  2. State
    
    A State is a Form of Body of Government with Defined Laws Rules, designated government officials within the defined physical boundaries i.e state is what makes a country run from a political and practical standpoint
  3. Nation State is a System of Organisation, It can be political or Military where people with a common identity live inside a country or Nation with Firm Boundaries and a Single Government
- Characteristics of Nation State - From Handouts
- Tribes and Nation States
- Approaches of Nation States Towards the Tribes
- Affirmative Action of US & Positive Discrimination India
  
  Affirmative Action:
  1. Preferential Treatment for Minorities, Women, Ab Origins and Black Americans
  2. It attempts to compensate for being denied the opportunities of advancement in past based on discrimination
  3. After 14th CAA of 1954 → Provided for Affirmative Action in US
    
    Here, Constitutional Validity is NOT Clear
  4. It is Mainly for Jobs
  Protective Discrimination:
  1. Constitutional Since Beginning for SC & ST. OBC Added Later
  2. It is Mainly for Jobs and Political Representation from PRI to SLA to Parliament
  Similarity Between Them
  1. Target Minimisation and end the Discrimination
  2. Social Justice to All Citizens
  3. G&D of all groups of Population

Administration of Tribal Areas

Pre Independence - British India
- Introduction - Backdrop of Tribals in British India
  
  Initially, Tribals Remained Relatively Isolated and British Wanted to Maintain that because of their vested interest to avoid the entry of tribals in freedom struggle
  
  Only Govt Officials and Missionaries would be allowed
- 1782 - Cleveland’s Special Administration of Tribals of Raj Mahal Hill (Present Day Jharkhand)
  1. It was an Executive Order
  2. Ordinary Course weren't allowed to give jurisdiction for tribals of this region
  3. Because there was a Big Revolt amongst Tribals against the Hindu Zamindars
- 1796 - Regulation in the form of a Legislative Act
  1. Separate Tribunals were created with Tribal Chiefs as their heads
  2. These Tribunals were called Hill Assemblies
  3. Previous Regulation was restricted to Raj Mahal Hill in 1782. Now Demand started by Other Tribes of Chota Nagpur Plateau
  4. British Administration repealed the 1796 Regulation in 1827
  5. as a Result in 1830 - Kol Mutiny or Uprising Occurred
- 1833 - Bengal Regulation Act
  1. It was a result of Kol Uprising of 1830
  2. Now Entire CNP came under special administration → Hence it was now called as a Non Regulated Area
  3. Non regulated Area Meant
    1. There will be No Govt Officials
    2. Only Traditional Village Functionaries in Local Administration
- 1855 - Another Regulation
  1. Long Term Reasons
    
    Zamindars + Settled Agri + Land Revenue + involvement / Interference in the Belief SYstem
  2. Immediate Reasons - Santhal Uprising of 1855
  3. Led to Creation of Santhal Pargana ( a Special Administrative Zone)
    
    This Administrative Zone was verified by Govt of India Act, 1851
    
    It is also famous for
    1. Raja of Banaras - Raja Shiv Prasad Singh
    2. Raja of Patiala - Raja Mahendra Singh
    3. Sir Dinkar Rao
- 1874 - Scheduled Districts Act
- 1919 - GoI Act, 1919 - Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
  1. Backward Tract → Later Became Schedule 5
    
    Those Tribes which were backward as compared to non Tribal Population in the Region
  2. Scheduled Tract → Later Became Schedule 6
    
    Especially in those tribal areas which are having majority of tribal population
  3. Appointment of Special Officers in Tribal Belts
- 1935 - GoI Act, 1935
  
  Division of Tribal Areas took place as
  1. Totally Excluded Area (Totally Tribals)
    1. Where Majority of Population is Tribal
    2. Non Tribal Population is almost Negligible
    3. These were administered by the Governors directly
  2. Excluded Area
    1. It had both Tribal and Non Tribal Population
    2. But here Tribal > Non Tribal
    3. Here Governor has left most of the Administration to CoM ( Governor needs to be consulted for majority of decisions)
  3. Partially Excluded Areas
    1. Included Tribal and Non Tribal Populations
    2. Non Tribal > Tribals
    3. Governor can seek advice of CoM & CoM can act Independently also
Post Independence - Independent India
1. Gopinath Bordoloi Committee
2. Art 244 → Scheduled and Tribal Area were created
  1. Sch 5
    1. Governor + Special Powers to Governor
    2. Tribal Advisory Council
    3. PESA
  2. Sch 6
    1. Autonomous Council
    2. Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
3. Dedicated Ministry of MoTA
4. Art 338 A → NCST
5. Creation of TRIFED
6. FRA, 2006
7. Atrocities Against SC ST Act
8. Art 46 DPSP
Approaches to Tribal Welfare and Development
- Political Approach
  1. Policy of Isolation - Totally or Partially Excluded from the mainstream Process - Elwin and Gurye Debate
  2. Constitutional Safeguard - DPSP, Art 338 A, Art 244
  3. Legislative Safeguard - Atrocities, PESA, FRA
  4. Reservation
- Administrative Approach
  1. Follow Up or Rather Implementation Procedure of Political Approach
  2. Tribal Panchsheel
  3. Special Powers to to Administration like the Tribal Advisory Council
  4. Special Powers to Gram Sabha
- NGO’s and Other Voluntary Organisation Approach
  1. Red Cross UNHRC
  2. SEARCH
  3. AWARE
  4. Bhartiya Aadim Jaati Sewa Sangh
  5. 100% Govt Funding for PVTG and PTG is through NGO’s
  6. for Primary School Education / Primary Health Sector
  7. Sanitation & Clean Drinking Water
- Socio-Religious / Religious Approach
  1. Work by Christian Missionaries
  2. Work by Arya Samaj
  3. Helped in Assimilation of Tribals in Mainstream Religious Cultures
  4. Though Effective in Short Bursts, it is less accepted one as it poses challenges to Tribal Identity
- Anthropological Approach
  1. Anthropologists are called as Social Doctors or Tribal Doctors who specialise in Tribal or Social Problems
    
    Not Much Explored Connotation of Anthropology in India
  2. LPV Said that when we know the Socio Cultural Characteristics of Tribe. They should be made a contributing factor in the INtegral Part of Growth & Development
    
    Because Based on this Knowledge → Anthropologist can suggests Practical Suggestions
  3. Hence, LPV Suggested a Four Pronged Approach to Tribal Welfare
    1. Ecological System and Geo Climatic Factors
    2. Traditional Economy
    3. Religion and Belief System and Practises
    4. Recent Influence and allied changes based on trust
Needed Approach or Way Forward for Tribal Welfare Development
1. Panchsheel Approach or Integrative Approach
2. Separate Tribal Area Development Programs and Policies - Separate Program for Tribal and Non Tribal Areas
  
  Time to Time Surveys seeking their needs and demand and Collection of Tribal Data
3. Special Courts of Tribunals or Administrative Setups for Tribal Grievances and Redressal - New Zealand Case Study
4. Minimum Administration
5. Area Wise Development Approach for Different Tribal Belts
Way Forward for Tribals should Involve this

Involvement of NGOs, Civil Society & Local People in Growth and Development Programs and Policies

PVTG’s / PTG’s
1. Criteria to Declare a Tribe as a PVTG
  1. Very Less Population and Very Low Population Growth Rate
  2. Using Pre Agricultural Levels of Technology like stone tools
  3. Extremely Low Levels of Literacy
  4. Still Dependent on Hunting Gathering Kind of Activities
2. There are Total 75 in India - State Specific List
  1. Maximum in Orissa, Followed by Andhra (including Telangana)
  2. State Govt will send to MoTA
    
    If Accepted → MHA will Notify for PVTG Status → Because its a Census Related Operation → Done by Office of Census Commissioner
3. Examples
  
  Maldharis are Demanding Habitat Rights under FRA - Still Not Accepted
Denotified Tribes, Nomadic & Semi Nomadic Tribes

Standing Committee of Parliament highlighted that a special grant of 200 Crore was extended for a 5 Years Period starting from 2021 to 2022 for the development of Denotified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic Tribes ; Interestingly Not even a Single Rupee has been spent in the First Year

Denotified Tribes are also called Vimukta Jati

Denotified Tribes were earlier referred as Criminal Tribes during British India with the prejudiced notion that they are addicted to crime by birth. These Crimes were Mostly Non Bailable in Nature

These were one of the most vulnerable and deprived tribal groups of the country, Once a Tribe is Declared / Notified as Criminal Tribe. All its members were required to register with the magistrate, failing to do so will be considered as a Criminal Activity under IPC

These Groups were notified under Criminal Tribes act of 1871 → Repealed by Govt of India after Independence. Hence this Repealing of Law led to De Notification of Notified (earlier) Tribes, thus called DeNotified Tribes

Many of these Denotified Tribes are Nomadic or Semi Nomadic in Nature w/o any access to private land or home

National Commission to Review the Working of Constitution, 2002 held that Denotified Tribes have been wrongly stigmatised as Crime Addicted. They have been unnecessarily subjected to high headed treatment, exploitation &
NCDNT - National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic & Semi Nomadic Tribe 2006 was constituted by Government
1. It is Famously known as Balkrishna Sidram Renke Commission
2. The Commission held that
  1. It is an Irony that these tribes somehow escaped the attention of our constitution, thus they are deprived of constitutional support like ST’s
  2. Renke Commission estimated that population of these tribes can be even more than crores
  3. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is implementing various scheme for the welfare of these denotified tribes
  4. Schemes like
    1. Dr Ambedkar Scholarship
    2. Nanaji Deshmukh Hostel Schemes

NGO’s and Tribal Development

Role of NGO’s in Tribal Development
1. Saints and Organisations like Ashram Schools, Brahmo Samaj and RK Mission
2. They worked Selflessly for People voluntarily → it can be Considered as Beginning of NGO’s in the World
3. They act as a Buffer / Moderator / Connector between Government and Tribals
4. as they Involve Local Tribals, Non Tribals & Voluntarily Educated People
Why are NGO’s Preferred over Government
1. Govt Follows Top Down Approach and NGO follows Bottom Up Approach
2. Rapport of NGO is Better than Govt
3. Negligence of Govt Officials due to Overburden of Work
4. Flexibility of Timings and Early Working
5. More Sincere Effort and Targeted Delivery of Tasks
Domains of Work of NGO’s
1. Data Collection
2. Social Audit
3. Motivation
4. Training and Capacity Building
5. Marketting Tribal Products
6. Can be the Agents of Demand Driven Approach
7. NGO’s can sensitise Government by acting as Pressure Group advocating Tribal Rights
Examples
1. TRYSEM Program - Training of rural Youth for Self Employment
2. Aware and Prayas have been working in the field of
  1. Health Infra
  2. Educational
  3. Institutional Deliveries
3. NGO’s are collaborating with Online Portals like Flipkart and Amazon for marketing the Tribal Products
Challenges
1. Lack of Transparency
2. Very Less No of Dedicated NGO’s towards Tribal Development
3. According to IB Report there are some NGO’s receive foreign funds to act as Pressure Groups and halt the pace of development
4. Money Laundering incidents, with functioning of NGO’s
5. Act as Agencies to Fulfill Hidden Agendas like Religious Conversion
6. Less Accountability → There are apprehensions that in some areas even Naxals are sponsored by NGO’s

Role of Anthropology in Tribal Development
1. Anthropologist are Social or Tribal Doctors who better Know the Ground Reality, Socio Economic Conditions and can help in Policy Making
2. Insiders Point of View
  1. Acceptability by Tribals
  2. Better Implementation Methods
  3. Ways to Convince People
3. Can Help in Avoidance or Better Resolution of Conflicts in the First Place
4. Influence of Outside Factors in Tribals and Violence of Secessionist Tendencies can be Avoided
5. Modern Day Problems like
  1. Environmental Impact Assessment
  2. Social Impact Assessment
  3. Social Audit
  4. Surveys
6. Action Anthropology - Demand Driven Development Process
7. Cultural Relativism Tendencies for a Balanced Development Process
Case Studies of Involvement of Anthropologists in Development of Tribals
1. Hutton & H H Risley
  1. Advisors to British Indian Govt
  2. In the Words of Hutton : Self Governing Tribal Area with Free power of Self Determination
2. S C Dubey
  
  This Approach was Later Suggested by S C Dubey on Administration of CNP Tribes
3. Verrier Elwin
  
  Studied Baigas, NEFA, NVF Province
4. LPV
  
  was advisor to Govt of India after Independence
5. SC Roy
  
  Most Favourite Tribal Leader. As an Anthropologist, he was Leaders of Tribals in Bihar Legislature
Conclusion

In India there is minimum involvement of anthropologists in development process. In Many Western Countries it has become a norm that an anthropologist and a Psychologist, will necessarily be a part of Govt Committee formulating policies for Tribals, Rural Development and Social Welfare

Role of Anthro in Rural Development
1. Demand Driven Development Approach - Need Based Development
2. Socio Cultural Conditions of Health and Malnutrition
  
  Accepted or Non Accepted Food Behaviour
  
  Fortification of those food Items which are consumed more
3. Anthropologist are Social Mirrors giving Exact Images of Social Reality
  
  Better Policy Making and Best Use of Resources
4. PRA & RRA Research Methodology of Anthropology
  
  Choice of work under MGNREGa to be employed for a particular area can be chosen by RRA
5. Health Education Employment and Works Under MGNREGA, SBA, Mid Day Meal Scheme are based on knowledge of Rural India
6. Study of Caste, Family, Marriages and Associated Changes like Nuclear Family, Dowry are based on Anthropology and will be part of Policy Making and Agenda Development
Case Studies for Anthro in Rural Development
1. D N Majumdar - Mohana Village, Near Lucknow
2. M N Shrinivas - Rampura Village
3. S C Dubey - Shamirpet
4. Ghanshyam Shah - Khaap Panchayats in UP and Haryana
Conclusion

Anthropological Information and Programs & Policies Based on them are Having Better Acceptability in Rural Populations as the Anthropologists can bridge the Gap between Administration and Local Population. Involvement of Anthropologists, at each stage of development process like Policy Formulation, Implementation and Appraisal is increasing in different parts of the world

Tribal and Rural Development Approaches → Like Community Development, Area Development Approach, Tribal Sub Plan and Associated Success. All have considered anthropological perspective

Communalism and Anthropology

Introduction
1. There is no wrong in Strong Sense of Loyalty to one particular group/religion/belief
2. But the issue is → Rejecting the Other Groups/ Religion / Belief
3. i.e an Individual or Individual Group Sentiments are Prioritised over Society
4. Communalism in India is more of a recent phenomenon, tracing back to 19th century
5. Political Analyst Says that → End of Medieval Period combined with Entry of British → Led to Emergence of Signs of Communalism Started being Witnessed in India
Reasons of Communalism
1. Historical Reasons
  1. Historical Legacy of British by Means of Divide and Rule Policy of British
  2. Shuddhi Movement by Swami Dayanand Saraswati focused on Hindu Proselytization
  3. Attack on Money Lender and Land Lords of Opposite Communities were attacked in Different Parts of Country
  4. Partition of Bengal by Curzon
  5. Violence of Partition of India and Pakistan
2. Economic Reasons
  1. According to Sachar Committee Report, Muslims are Relatively underdeveloped, Low Education & Hence it is easy to instigate Communal Sentiments
    
    Dr Rajendra Sachar was Retired Chief Justice of Delhi High Court
  2. in 2005-06 only 3 to 4% representation was of Muslim
  3. in 2015-16 - Representation in IAS Marginally Increased but Representation Marginally Decreased
3. Political Reasons
  1. Communal Politics - Hindus and Muslims, Hindus & Sikhs in Punjab, Hindus & Christians in North East
  2. Two Nation Theory
  3. Communal Sentiments instigated by Vote Bank Politics
4. Social Reasons
  1. Fear of Loss of Identity to Minority & Hence Minority Isolation & Alienation
  2. Communal Rites in One Part of Country and Emergence of Communal Sentiments in different Parts of the World
  3. Social Media / Sensationalisation / Fake News and Social Media
Combination of Communalism to Put in Answer
1. Hindu Muslim
2. Muslim Sikh
3. Sikh Christian
4. Hindu Sikh
5. Muslim Sikh
6. Hindu Christian
Consequences of Communalism
1. Social Disharmony and Trust Deficit amongst various Members of Society and Loss of Social Capital
2. Disruption in Growth and Development of Society, Region and Country at Large
3. Political Instability and Weakening of Constitutional Principles
4. Issues with Internal and External Law and Order
5. International Ties can be Hampered
6. Riots Generally Lead to Loss of Public and Private Property
How can Anthropology Contribute in Fighting Communalistic Sentiments
1. Socio Economic Data in Real Time and Allied Attitudinal Changes can be Brought
2. Cultural Relativism = Acceptability and Tolerance → Can Promote Social Trust and Harmony
3. Reasons for Insecurity in the Mind of Minorities can be Studied and Practically Applied for CBM ( Confidence Building Measures)
4. By Studying Socio Cultural Features Root Cause of Communal Sentiments and Tensions can be Identified with Anthropological Studies
5. Connect Between Govt and People (Minorities) can be better by Anthropologists being the Bridge Between them
How to Combat Communal Sentiments
1. Mohalla Committee of Mumbai
2. Full Fill Ment of Ideals of Constitution in True Spirit
3. Increase in Trusts Deficit by Means of Festivals, Games and Cultural Events & Exchanges
  
  Playing of Cricket in Karnataka & Coastal Area
4. Stringent Punishments for Instigation the Communal Tensions
  
  Example: Strict Code of Conduct can be formulated by Election Commission of India

Unit 7.3 → Problems of Exploitation and Deprivation in SC’s and ST’s and OBCs
- ST - As Per Previous Discussion
SC - Scheduled Caste
- Introduction
  1. Termed by Simon Commission used for the first time by GoI Act, 1935
  2. Simon Commission Defined SC by Means of Following Characteristics
    1. Pollution to Higher Castes by Touch or Shadow
    2. Denied Entry into Temples and Public Places
    3. Separate Institutions
    4. Permission of Water from Community Well
    5. Not Generally a Part of Social Gatherings at Large
  3. Called as
    1. Harijan - by Gandhi
    2. Outcaste - by B R Ambedkar
    3. SC - Simon Commission
  4. Demographic
    1. Nearly 16.5% of India’s Population is SC
    2. Punjab has Max Rep of SC in Pop’n i.e Nearly 31.32% of Punjab Population is Less
    3. UP, West Bengal, Bihar, Mah, Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana), TN, Pb - Have High Numerical Strength of SC
    4. States Like → Nagaland Mizoram, AN, Lakshadweep - Have Almost Zero Population
  5. More than 80 Percent of SC Population of Country is Rural
- Problems of SC
  1. Untouchability
  2. Social Problems
    1. Different Burial Grounds
    2. Restriction on Commensality
    3. Temple Entry Restricted
    4. Brahmins Not Giving Priestly Services
    5. Isolated Habitation
  3. Economic Problems
    1. Poverty
    2. Unemployment
    3. Landlessness - Landless Labourers
    4. Involvement in Unclean Occupation like Manual Scavenging
    5. Bonded Labourers and One of the Lowest Per Capita Income
  4. Crimes Atrocities and Suppression
    1. Physical Torture
    2. Mental Torture
    3. Sexual Assault
    4. Honor Killings due to Marriage or Affairs
    5. Forced Devadasi in SC’s
  5. Political Reasons
    1. Lack of Pol Rep from Panchayat to LS
    2. Apart from Reserved Seats, Not a Single SC Candidate Won
  6. Other Reasons
    1. No Accomodation in Cities
    2. Lack of Skills
- Recent Examples to Quote
  1. SC youth Beaten up in Gujarat
  2. Youth cant keep Moustache
  3. Bihar Children Don't Eat Food cooked by Dalit Women
  4. Non Allowance of Horse Riding
  5. Witch Hunt Rajasthan Case Study
  6. Even in Kerala in South and Himachal in North with High Literacy and High Female Literacy - There are cases of
- Constitutional Safeguards - From Handout
- Legislative Measures - From Handout
  1. Recently in 2016 the act was amended to delegate the duties under this legislation to civil servants
  2. Civil Servants can
    1. impose Fine
    2. can order Enquiry or Arrest
    3. Then the case goes to Court
- Policy Measures
  1. SC Sub Plan Under Budget
  2. Stand Up india ( SC/ST, Women, Entrepreneurs )
  3. DICCI
    1. Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
    2. to Promote Involvement of SC’s in Industrial Development
    3. Land Reforms for Land Allocation SC’s
  4. Scholarship and Coaching for Higher Education for Competitive Exams like UPSC
OBC -
1. Other is NOT Defined in the Constitution
- Backward Means
  1. Lower Literacy Rate
  2. Fairly Low in Caste Hierarchy
  3. Less Representation in Services
  4. Poverty
- 1956 - First Backward Classes Commission Kalelkar Commission
  1. tried defining OBC
    1. Agricultural + Landless Labourers
    2. No FIxed Habitation
    3. Cattle Breeders, Sheep Herders, Fishing Communities etc
    4. Insufficient Representation in Jobs and Politics
  2. Consider All Women of the Society as Other Backward Classes
  3. Kalelkar Committee Recommended Reservation for OBC’s
  4. Committee said in 1956 that in 1961 census we should have a caste wise distribution as a part of upcoming census
    
    Govt Rejected it
  5. For the First Time, Kalelkar Committee Said that The Reservation Should Not Breach 49%
- 1979 - Second Backward Classes Commission Mandal Commission
  1. Mandal Commission Gave 11 Indicators for Defining a OBC
    1. 4 - Social Indicators
    2. 4 - Economic Indicators
    3. 3 - Educational Indicators
  2. Based in this Mandal Commission found that Nearly 3700 Caste are OBC in India which is Nearly 52% of Countries Population → Based on that Mandal Commission Recommended
    1. 27% Reservation to OBC
    2. Separate Welfare Programs for OBC
    3. There should be Significant Land Reforms to Allocate Land to OBC
    4. To Promote Education in OBC
  3. It was challenged in Supreme Court
    1. Supreme Court Accepted Caste as a Basis for Reservation
    2. 50% should be Upper Limit
    3. Creamy Layer to not be Included
    4. NCBC should be Formed
      
      Which in 2018 under 102nd CAA under Amendment to 338 B made NCBC as a Constitutional Body
  4. There is No Reservation to OBC’s in MP, State Leg Ass and PRI