Computer & Robotics

Chronology Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0
1. Web 1.0
  
  When internet Started, the Initial Websites were Static in Nature. They weren't Interactive in Nature
2. Web 2.0
  
  Website became Interactive meaning 2 Ways communication became Possible. You can avail services, buy products, interact with people.
  
  Example : Facebook, Amazon, Car Dekho, Passport Seva
  
  Challenges of Web 2.0
  1. Here the issue is that of “Privacy is Actually a Myth”
  2. Dominance of few companies like FAANG → Facebook, Alphabet, Amazon, Netflix, Google
    
    FAANG is now called MAANF → Facebook is now called Meta
    
    This is leading towards Centralisation, Either the Govt or Company has all the data.
3. Web 3.0
  
  Idea is that every individual has complete control over his or her personal data and internet and its resources would be controlled by people or peer to peer network and not by big companies or Govt
  
  Here Privacy will be the Corner Stone or will be at the Centre Stage
  
  Decentralisation of Internet & Resources
Block Chain
- Schematic Diagram of Blockchain
- Block Chain is a Digital Ledger having the Following characteristics
  1. De Centralised & Distributed
  2. Immutable or Unchangeable
  3. Mathematically Verified
- Benefits of Block Chain are
  1. Because it is decentralised it is more transparent, so it helps in creating more trusts
  2. Proper Record Keeping & Tracking
  3. Highly Secure due to use of Cryptography
    
    Cryptography is hiding of real data using complex mathematical puzzles
  4. Direct Transaction will eliminate overhead cost
  5. It can increase Time Effectiveness due to possibility of real time transactions
- Application of Blockchain
  
  Finance
  1. According to World Economic Forum 10% of Worlds GDP will be on Block Chain by as early as 2025
  2. It removes the Role of Brokers or Intermediaries
  3. It is the Technology Behind Cryptocurrency
  4. It can help in creating Platforms for Crowd Funding
  Health
  1. USA is a Pioneer in using Blockchain to develop patient health record system
  2. In India we have started ABHA - Ayushman Bharat Health Account
    
    It will create Unique Health ID just like Aadhar or UPI where an Individuals Medical Data would be Stored
  3. It addresses interoperability issues
    
    Departments in Hospitals act in Silos, even hospital to hospital communication is broken
  Governance
  1. Election can be conducted using Block Chain. This can prevent voter Fraud. This demand increased after US 2020 presidential elections.
  2. It can help in resolving interoperability issues between different ministries
  3. Efficient record keeping and file tracking
  4. Will Increase Transparency in Governance
  Other Area - Legal Services, Social Services, Storage
- Challenges of Blockchain
  
  Perform & Efficiency
  1. Sub Optimal Performance because of Consensus Algorithm
  2. Many Copies Created
  3. High Energy Consumption leading to Infrastructure Challenges
  4. Reliability and Security Concerns
  5. No Govt Control or Responsibility, So Individual Grievances might not be addressed
  6. The System is Still Hackable
  7. Lack of Established Standards
  8. Interoperability Issues between Different Blockchains
  9. Interoperability Issues between Blockchain & Traditional Ledgers
Cryptocurrency
- Introductions
  1. It is a Digital Currency that works on Peer to Peer basis (decentralised)
  2. It is Non Repudiable meaning that parties cannot deny that they have sent or received a cryptocurrency
  3. All of this is a part of Huge Ledger maintained on Block Chain
  4. It is a Fiduciary Currency (Just Like a Cheque)
- Comparison Between Crypto & Normal Currency
  
  | Normal Currency | Cryptocurrency | | --- | --- | | Tangible & Physical | Non Tangible & Virtual | | Fiat | Fiduciary | | Regulated by Central Bank | Regulated by Peer to Peer Network | | Repudiable | Non Repudiable | | Unlimited Supply | Limited Supply Ex : For Bitcoin (21 Million) | | Intermediary Needed | No Intermediary Needed |
- Functioning of Bitcoin Generation
  
  Bitcoins are Generated when an Entity or a Person, Solves a complex Mathematical Puzzle which can make the system more secure.
  
  The complexity of the problem is high enough so that it requires lot of software power to solve it.
  
  This is Also known as Bitcoin Mining
- Historical Background
  
  2008 Financial Crisis
  
  Housing Bubble Failed
  
  Santoshi Nakamoto blamed Central Banks and Normal People were facing Challenges
  
  It was designed as a Currency and being used as Asset Now
- Challenges of Cryptocurrency or Bitcoin
  1. It can challenge the monetary authority of central banks
  2. Can lead to money laundering
  3. Can Lead to Terror Financing
  4. Can Lead to Anonymous Funding
  5. No Regulation, Possibility of Hacking, Environmental Concerns, Unsustainable
  6. Highly Volatile
  7. It is in development phase. It is not yet matured. It is beta phase
- Cryptocurrency & its Regulations
  1. Countries Against Crypto
    
    China has put a blanket ban on Crypto Mining and Crypto Trading
    
    Smaller Countries like Nepal, Indonesia, Bolivia, North Macedonia have also put ban on Bit Coin
  2. Countries Adopting Crypto
    
    El Salvador, Ecuador, Cuba
    
    El Salvador has made it a legal tender
    
    Russia is exploring Ethereum as a cryptocurrency to bypass dollar dominance
    
    Iran is also exploring Cryptocurrency to bypass US Sanctions
- Countries like India
  1. Indian Rules - wrt Ad Hoc Mechanisms as of Now
    1. 30% Tax on Cryptocurrency
    2. No Offsetting Provisions within Other Profits as well as two different bitcoins itself
  2. In 2018 RBI had put a Ban on Banks from dealing in Crypto. However SC in 2020 struck down this ban of RBI, so crypto trading started in India.
  3. However Govt has not passed Cryptocurrencies & Official Digital Currency (Regulation Bill) of 2021 but Govt in Budget of 2022 declared 20% Tax on Crypto Gains with No Offsetting Provisions
  4. Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance’s Observation on Crypto
    
    It has met Major Stakeholders, related to Crypto Market. The Crypto Community has asked this Community to Not Consider Crypto Currency as Currency but as an Asset
    
    They fear that if it is considered as a Currency it could be banned.
  5. Suggestions by this Committee
    
    This cmt is of the view to not put blanket ban on Crypto Currency but to develop regulatory mechanism
    
    Create Grievance Redressal Mechanism
    
    Create Investor Protection Mechanism
    
    Create Awareness Amongst People
  6. Case of Money Supply in Official Digital Currency
    
    HW : While Making Digital Currency, Are we adding New Digital Currency or taking it our from the Physical One
NFT
1. Non Fungible Token - Not Interchangeable, Non Fungibility is of Unique Importance
2. Rupee & Bit Coin is Fungible i.e they can be exchanged
3. Non Fungible means that it is Unique and it cannot be replaced with something else
  
  Example : Unique Digital Art Pieces can be NFT’s
4. Token is a digital certificate and authenticity given for an asset
5. So NFT’s are blockchain based token that represent a unique asset like a piece of Art from a digital content or media
6. When one Buys NFT, one gets proof of ownership but others can copy it
7. Steps involved in creating NFT and Trading them
  1. Create a Digital Artwork
  2. Get it Registered on an NFT Platform by Paying some fee - Gas Fee
  3. It is then considered as Minted
  4. Others on the Network can buy NFT and further sell the NFT and these transactions are recorded on block chain
8. NFT Question from PYQP
3D Printing
- Introduction
  1. 3D Printing is also known as Additive Manufacturing in which objects are created by laying down layers of material until the object is created
  2. It is different from subtractive manufacturing in which cutting or hollowing out is done by using tool.
  3. The Process of 3D Printing
    
    Slicing → Cutting Down a Digital Object into 100 & 1000 of Layers
- Advantages
  1. Higher Efficiency
  2. Cost Effective
  3. Time Effective
  4. Precision Printing
  5. Labour Cost Reduced
  6. Cost of Houses Reduced
  7. It will reduce wastage
  8. Lower Down Cost
  9. High Precision
  10. Easily Customisable
  11. Quality Assurance
  12. Will Create High Skilled Jobs
- Application of 3D Printing
  1. Medical
    1. Creation of Complex Prosthetics & Artificial Limbs and Stents in Medical Application
    2. In Dental Fillings and Dental Bridges
    3. Can Create Certain Types of Medical Equipment also
  2. Consumables
    1. Application in Consumer Products such as Eyewear, Footwear, Furniture
    2. Industrial Products such as Manufacturing Tools, Prototypes, Consumables (Cutter of Rods and Marbles)
  3. Other
    1. In Forensics to Reconstruct Evidences
    2. In Replicating Ancient Artefacts
    3. Reconstructing Fossil
    4. Creating Movie Props
- Challenges of 3D Printing
  1. Technical Challenges
    1. Limited Material which can be used as Input in House Building Cement, Plastic, Ceramics, Resins, Metals, Sugar
    2. Living Cells can be used in construction of Bio Material by means of 3D Bio Printing
      
      Creation of Xeno Robots
    3. Limited Size of the Objects Created
    4. Production of Dangerous Items
    5. Copyright Issues by means of Easy Reverse Engineering
    6. Cyber Security Issues
  2. Challenges in India
    1. India does not have any 3D Printer Manufacturer. India Imports 3D printers and the custom duty is 30 to 40 percent and the 3D objects is also costly
    2. Lack of R&D
    3. Lack of Expertise
    4. Lack of Awareness
- Govt of India has Started NSAM
  
  National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing
  
  The Obj is to reach 5% of Global Market Share of 3D Printing
  
  Next Strategy is to add 1 Billion Dollar to GDP by 2025
  
  To Build Domestic Capabilities which will reduce the cost and increase adoption
AR & VR (Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality)

Introduction

Augmented Reality usually starts with a Real Life view of Something such as the Camera of Mobile and Projects or inserts images onto the screen of the Viewer

In Virtual Reality, a Comp Generated Simulation of an Alternate World is created

Difference Between AR & VR

| Virtual Reality | Augmented Reality | | --- | --- | | There is no Reality | Presence of Some Element of Reality | | Headset Needed | Simple Mobile Phones can be used to create AR | | System Controls our Presence | We can control our Presence | | VR has no effect on real world, enhances only virtual world | AR Enhances both Real World and Virtual World |

Application of VR & AR
1. Training
  1. Pilot Simulation
  2. To Create Simulated Env of Surgery to Train Doctors and Nurses
  3. In Gaming to create 3D games to get 3D Experiences
2. in Construction
  
  AR & VR are used to create sites or buildings even before real launch to give first hand experience to customers
  
  Example : Godrej Properties
3. in Sports like Golf and Cricket
4. in Art as Virtual Graphic Gallery
5. E Commerce Platform to Simulate Physical Store
6. in Movies
7. According to Deloitte, Almost 90% of the companies with annual revenue between 100 Million & 1 Billion Dollar are now Leveraging AR & VR
Artificial Intelligence

How is Intelligence different from Instinct → By Means of Rationale and Logic

Artificial Intelligence are machines which will have cognitive abilities similar to that of Humans, in Artificial Intelligence, it is said there are 4 Stages of Artificial Intelligence acc to Professor Arend Hintze
1. Reactive Machine
2. Limited Memory
3. Theory of Mind
4. Self Consciousness

Metaverse
National Semi Conductor Mission
IoT & Big Data
Computing
- Quantum Computing
- Super Computing
- Cloud Computing
- Edge Computing

From Handouts