Medieval History

(647 AD - 1707 AD)

• South India
  • Chapter 1 - Pallavas of Kanchipuram (575 AD-879 AD)
    • Introduction
      1. They were Feudal Lords of Cholas
      2. Contemporaries
         1. North India
            1. Later Guptas
            2. Harsha
            3. Rajputs
         2. South India
            1. Pandyas
            2. Chera
            3. COB
            4. ECV
      3. Second Capital was a PORT - Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram
      4. They Knew Tamil / Sanskrit
      5. Their Emblem was - LION (SIMMA)
    • Ruler

      • 1 Simha Vishnu

        1. Founder of Pallvas
        2. Was a Buddhist
        3. Defeated Many Tribal Chiefs - became Popular
        4. Decalred Independence from Cholas and made Kanchipuram as Capitals
        5. His Rise was a Sudden One
        6. He took the title was Avani Simha

      • 2 Mahendra Varman 1 - 600 AD

        1. One of the Greatest Ruler, Ambitious, Popular, Scholar, A Jain, Builder / Architect, Musician, Dancer, Painter

        2. He wrote a Sanskrit Book called - Mattavilasa Prahasanam

           1. It is a Satire

        3. He Mocked at the Saivite's and Buddhists because he was a Jain

        4. But Later He got converted to Saivism by a Monk called - Appar

           He later gave, a public apology

        5. He constructed a

           1. Lighthouse at Mahabalipuram
              1. First Light house of India
              2. It is under ASI
              3. It was a Monolithic
           2. Kanchipuram University
              1. Uni taught Vedas, Upanishad, Buddhism, Jainism, Paintings, Music, Sculpture
           💡 Current Govt Vedic Institutions

           1. Shankaracharya Math
           2. Kanchi University

      • His Musical Notes are found at - Kudimiyan Malai Caves (Tamil Nadu)

      • His Paintings are found at Sittanavasal Caves (TN)

        1. Theme was Secular
           1. Buddha
           2. Mahavir
           3. Shiva
           4. Vishnu
           5. Durga
           6. War Scenes
           7. Story
        2. Sittanavasal Cave Paintings were Fresco

      • In 630 AD h was defeated by Chalukyan Ruler, Pulakeshin 2 in the Battle of Kullalur (Andhra Pradesh)

        1. Pulakeshin Annexed Few Northern Territories of Pallavas and He Left

      • In 630 AD - Mahendra Varman died of Humiliation by Pulaksehin 2

      • 3 Narsimha Varman 1 - 642 AD

        1. Son of Mahendra Varman 1

        2. He took a title Mamallam (Wrestler)

        3. He Constructed a New City called Mamallapuram which was later called Mahabalipuram

           He Later made it his Second Capital

        4. He Constructed

           • Pancha Pandava Rath Temple - Mahabalipuram
             1. Rock Cut Temple UNSECO Site
             2. Five Temples are for

                1. Dharmraja Temple

                   1. Biggest One

                   2. In front

                      1. Monolithic Lion
                      2. Monolithic Elephant

                      is carved

                2. Bhim Temple

                3. Arjun Temple

                4. Draupati Temple

                   1. Shape of Hut
                   2. She is worshipped as Goddess Kali in South

                5. Nakul & Sahdev Temple - Twin Temple

           • Arjun’s Penance at Mahabalipuram
             1. Its a Rock Carving depicting the a Scene from Mahabharat
           • Krishnas Butter Ball Monolithic at Mahabalipuram

        5. Hieun Tsang - Visited Mahabalipuram

        6. He Defeated and Killed in the Battle of Vatapi and he took a title called Vatapi Kondan (Kondan means Having)

      • 4 Mahendra Varman 2

        1. He died while fighting the Chalukya i.e Vinay Aditya or Vikram Aditya

      • 5 Narsimha Varman 2

        1. He is also called as Rajasimmon

        2. His Temples are called as Rajsimmon Temples

        3. He was a great temple Builder

           Both are UNESCO World Heritage Site

           1. He constructed the Kanchi Kailash Nath Temple at Kanchipuram

           2. He Constructed The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram

              Veds are being taught here

      • Weak Successors Continued

      • Last Ruler Aparajitha Varman

        1. Killed by Aditya Chila in 879 AD

      • No Change n Polity, Economic, Society, Religion - Refer Sangam

  • Chapter 2 - Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi Chalukyas) (545 AD-753 AD)
    • Introduction
      1. Contemporaries
         1. 545 AD - Later Guptas in North India
         2. In Between - Harsha
         3. 753 AD - Rajputs in North India
      2. They were the Feudal Lords of Vakatakas
      3. Court Language : Prakrit
      4. Capital
         1. Badami - Karantaka
         2. Vatapi - Karantaka
      5. Important Cities
         1. Aihole - Karantaka
         2. Pattadakal - Karnataka
      6. Chalukyas were great traders and builders
    • Rulers
      • 1 Pulikesin 1
        1. Founder
      • 2 Kirtivaramn 1
        1. Expanded the Kingdom
        2. had 2 Sons
           1. Pulikesin 2
           2. Vishnuvardhan
        3. He was killed by his own brothers Mangalesa
      • 3 Mangalesa

        1. He Imprisoned two sons of his brother and he tortured them

           1. Pulikesin was 12 Yrs and Vishnuvardhan was 6 Yrs old - When they went to Jail.

        2. He Constructed the Vishnu Cave Temple at Badami.

           First Rock Cut Temple of India

        3. PK 2 and Vishnuvardhan Ran Away from Jail

        4. Mangalesa was killed by PK 2

      • 4 PK 2 - 642 AD
        1. Greatest Ambitious Ruler
        2. Scholar
        3. took a title - Sayasrya
           1. Srya - Great
           2. Satya - Truth
        4. He was an aggressive ruler and he began his aggressive policy of annexation

        • His court Historian was Ravi Kirti

          1. He was a Scholar
          2. He was a Jain
          3. He Made Aehole Inscription - in Prakrit

             1. It Speaks about Pulikesin 2

             2. He Speaks about contemporaries of PK 2

                1. Harsha

                South India

                1. Pallava
                2. Pandya
                3. Chera
                4. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

             3. Administration of Pulikesin

                1. Subjects were contended with him
                2. He was a Welfarist
                3. to his people he was good
                4. to outsiders he was bad

        • In 615 AD PK 2 carved the Eastern Part of his Kingdom and created the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

          Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and made Vishnuvardhan as its founder Ruler

          /Screenshot_2022-11-08_at_1.25.25_PM.png)

        • The Attacks of Pulikesin 2

          1. 630 AD - He Defeated Mahendravarman 1 in Battle of Kullalur

          2. 642 AD - He defeated Harhsa in battle of Naramada

          3. 642 AD - He was killed by Mahendra Varman 1 in Battle of Vatapi

             After Battle Pallavas Restored Law and Order at Badami and left for Kanchipuram

        1. After Death of Pulikesin 2, his son Vinay Aditya or Vikramaditya 1 became the Ruler and Vishnu Vardhan as the Regent
      • 5 Vikramaditya
        1. Vikaramditya was 5 years old when Pulikesin 2 died
        2. He Killed Mahendra Varman 2
      • Weak Successors Continued
      • Last Ruler was Kiriti Varman 2 - 753 AD
        1. Killed by His Noble Danti Durga in 753 AD
        2. He Established by Rashtrakuttas
  • Chapter 3 - Rashtrakutas (753 AD)
    • Danti Durga
      1. Founder of Rashtrakutas
• North India

  • Chapter 1 - The Rajputs (647 AD - 1206 AD)

    They were spread all over North India

    • Introduction

      1. They were Feudal Lords of Harsha
      2. There were 36 Kingdoms in totality
      3. They were all HINDUS except the Palas of Bengal, they all were following Vajrayan Buddhism
      4. They all wee Kshatriyas, Warriors, Fighters
      5. They were Either
         1. Kshatriya Brahman - Father Kshatriya Mother Brahman
         2. Brahman Kshatriya - Father of Brahman Mother Kshatriy
      6. Politically they were divided and mutual enmity existed between them
      7. Economically they were wealthy and they displayed it
      8. Socially they were Rigid - 21st Point
      9. Religiously Rajputs were Secular

      PS : Rajputs are NOT from Rajasthan

    • Important Kingdoms were 11 / 36

      • 1 Pratihars of Kannauj

        During Pratihars Rule, there was a Tripartite Struggle for Kannauj

        1. Praticharas - Holders
        2. Palas of Bengal
        3. Rashtrakutas

        • The Representation

          /Screenshot_2022-11-08_at_1.59.18_PM.png)

        • Why Kannauj ?

          He who has Kannauj has north India

          Perfume City

        • What Happened - Final Winner was Pratiharas

          /Screenshot_2022-11-08_at_2.01.39_PM.png)

      • 2 Gahadwalas of Kannauj

        1. Important Ruler : Jai Chand or Jai Chandra
        2. He was Father in Law of Prithvi Raj Chauhan III
        3. His Daughter was - Princess Sanyogitha or Samyukta
        4. Jai Chanda was a man of : Battle of 100 Ruler
        5. Love Story of Sanyogita and Prithvi Raj Chauhan
           1. Sanyogita fell in love with Prithvi Raj Chauhan
           2. Jai Chanda Said No
           3. According to him, Chouhans were Third Level Kshatriyas
           4. Jain Chand didn’t invite Prithvi Raj Chauhan, She garlanded the Statue of Prithvi which was their demeaning him
        6. Jai Chanda was killed by Ghouri
        7. Prithvi Raj Raso by Chand Bardai - is a Folk Lore, NOT a historical source

      • 3 Tomars of Dilli

        1. First people to Beautify Delhi Mehrauli Area

      • 4 Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer

        1. First Capital - Delhi
        2. Second Capital - Ajmer
        3. Important Ruler : Prithvi Raj Chauhan was killed by Ghori

      • 5 The Kalachuris of Chedi (MP & Northern Orissa)

      • 6 Sen’s of Bengal

        1. Capital Lakhnauti

      • 7 Chandel’s of Bundelkhand (MP)

      • 8 Parmars of Malwa

      • 9 Hindushahis of Sindh (NWFP)

      • 10 Solankis of Anhilwara (Gujarat)

        Rani Udayamati - Constructed a Step Well for her dead Husband, Raja Bheem Deva called as Rani Ki Vav

        Rani ki Vav

        1. UNESCO World Heritage Site
        2. Printed in Rs 100 Notes
        3. Has Carvings of Story of Mahabharata

      • 11 Palas of Bengal

        1. Capital was Patliputra
        2. Followed Vajrayana Buddhism
        3. Has a Republican form of Government
           1. Here Women Voted
           2. Head was elected from the Family
        4. Important Ruler

           1. Dharmapala

              1. He Promoted Buddhism

              2. Introduced the Pala School of Painting

              3. He constructed a monastery at Bodh Gaya

              4. He Constructed the Vikramshila and Odanti Puri Universities

                 They Both were Vajrayanas Centres

           2. Palas were Annexed by Gouri

  • The Passing by Timeline (712 AD - 1175 AD)

    • Summary

      /Screenshot_2022-11-10_at_12.36.54_PM.png)

    • 1A - Conquest of Qasim (712 AD)

      Arab Conquest of Sindh

      1. Ruler - Mohammad Bin Qasim was the ruler who brought Islam to India

      2. For 8 Months Islam was there in India

      3. Born in the Deserts of Arabia in city of Mecca

      4. Arabs

         1. Were Good Poets
         2. Were Geographer
         3. Arabic + Sanskrit = Sindhi → Led to Development of Sindhi Poetry

      5. Initially, Islam Entered without India with Force

      6. With Islam came in the concept of Purdah, Initially it was Not evil, It was a kind of identification for muslims.

      7. Society at this time

         1 - 20 → From Gupta Period

         1. Harsha Made Sati Voluntary
         2. Purdah Pratha was added

    • 1B - Later Cholas / Gretaer Cholas (850 AD - 1258 AD)

      💡 The Last Pallava Ruler was Aparajitha Varman He was killed by Aditya & Cholas in 879 AD
      • Introduction
        1. Capital - Tanjore / Tanjavur
        2. Emblem - Tiger
        3. Port - Kaveri Patnam
        4. Court Langage - Tamil
        5. Replaced the Pallavas
        6. Known for their Local Self Government and Naval Supremacy
      • Rulers

        • Vijayalaya

          1. Founder
          2. in 850 AD he declared independence and made Tanjore as his capital
          3. For the Next 29 Years, Cholas and Pallavas were contemporaries

        • Aditya Chola

          1. Killed Aparajit Varman in 879 AD
          2. Then, Occupied the Entire Region
          3. Hence, he called the Real Founder of Chola Kingdom

        • Parantaka Chola

          1. Son of Aditya
          2. He was a Great Builder
          3. He Constructed the Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu
             • This Temple has a Golden Roof
             • It's a Dancing Shiva Temple
             • Hence, it is called the Golden Temple of South India
          4. The Rashtrakutan Ruler defeated Krishna 3 defeated him in the Battle of Takollam in 949 AD
          5. Rashtrakutas Annexed the Northern Territories of Cholas
          6. Parantaka felt humiliated and he died

        • Sundara Chola

          1. The Son of Parantaka
          2. He TRIED to recover some of the lost territories from Rashtrkuta

        • Uttama Chola

          1. Son of Sundara Chola
          2. He Recovered all the territories which were lost to the Rashtrkutas
          3. Uttama Chola was a Scholar and he died shortly
          4. When he was in Death Bed, He made his Youngest Brother of 16 Years Age
          5. He made him Promise, that he will defeat Rashtrakutas
          6. He Said, He will defeat everyone chera, pandya, ECV & Rashtrakutas
          7. Uttama Chola said, No Only Defeat Rashtrakutas
          8. Uttama Chola died

        • Raja Raja Chola 1

          • Introduction

            • He is youngest brother of Uttam Cholas
            • He was Greatest, Ambitious, All Powerful, popular, Military Strategist
            • He was a Scholar and an Expansionist
            • He was a Hard Core Saivite
            • He is Contemporary of Ghazni
            • His Army was good in Elephantry

          • Campaign 1 → Direct Control

            He Attacked and Defeated

            • Rashtrakutas
            • Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi - After this there was no ECV
            • Cheras
            • Pandyas

            and put them all in his Direct Control This was Successfull

          • Campaign 2 → Indirect Control

            He Attacked and Annexed Northern Part of Ceylon and put them under Indirect Control Didn’t attack South Ceylon as it was a Tribal Kingdom

          • Campaign 3 → Indirect Control

            He attacked and Annexed

            1. Java & Sumatra Islands
            2. Sri Viajaya
            3. Laos
            4. Vietnam
            5. Cambodia
            6. Lakshadweep
            7. Maldives
            8. Malay Peninsula

            and put them under Indirect Control

            💡 Raja Raja Chola made the ***Sea of Bay of Bengal as the Lake of Cholas***

          • He Constructed - Brihadeshwara Temple

            1. in 1010 AD - He Constructed a Shiva Temple at Tanjore called the Briha Deshwara Temple
            2. It is first Granite Temple of India, Complete Granite, No Bricks
            3. Its a UNESCO Heritage Site
            4. It is also called a Periya Koil
               1. Periya - Big
               2. Koil - Temple
            5. This Temple has a MONOLITHIC
               1. Linga
               2. Nandi
               3. Shikhara

          • He Died in 1014

            1. Feb, 1014 - Ghazni Broke Thaneshwar Temple
            2. Nov, 1014 - He was in his Deathbed

            on his deathbed he asked 3 promise from his son

            1. When I Die, Give me a Virakkal
            2. There is a man called Ghazni, breaking temples, as soon as he reaches Narmada, kill him
            3. He said never attack North India, he asked why not and RRC said Ana Muda i.e Shut Up

        • Rajendra Chola (1014 AD - 1044 AD)

          • Introduction
            1. Greatest Ruler, Expansionist, Popular, Scholar, Military Strategists
            2. He was Son of Raja Raja
            3. He was called the “Pandita Chola”
            4. He was sad at the time of coronation, because he didn't had any scope for expansion now
          • Conquests

            • Conquests 1

              He attacked & annexed Entire Ceylon → Direct Control

            • Conquests 2

              He attacked and annexed Northern Part of Australia → Indirect Control

            • Conquests 3

              He attacked and annexed Andaman and Nicobar Islands → Direct Control

            • Conquests 4

              1. He attacked and defeated Mahipal 3

              2. The pala ruler but didn't annexed Pala Kingdom In the Coronation Ceremony

              3. Rajendra Chola Re Coronated Mahipal 3 himself

              4. Rajendra Chola didn’t want to annexe north because of Cultural Differences

              5. Rajendra Chola went to PM of Raja Raja Chola

              6. PM gave him the Letter of Raja Raja, Rajendra Chola Read the Letter it said,

                 You Stupid Son, you attacked North, Now u have known about the Cultural Difference of North

          ---

          • Mahipal wanted to give something

            • Money - No
            • Matrimonial Alliance - No
            • Elephant - No
            • Waters of Ganga - Yes
            • Mahipal gifted Rajendra with 15,000 pots of Ganges Water,

          • Gangai Konda Chola Pooram

            Gangai : Ganga

            Konda : Having

            Chola : Chola

            Puram : Kingdom

            At the Centre of City Rajendra constructed a water tank, 15000 pots of water tank was poured into ti

            Symbolising the entry of Ganga to Chola Kingdom

          • He Constructed a Shiva Temple called as

            1. Gangai Konda Chola Puram Temple
            2. Brick and Stone
            3. It is a UNESCO Site
            4. It is at Ganagi Kond Chpola Puram
            5. It Resembles Brihadeshvara Temple
            6. But it is smaller than Brihadeshvara Temple

        • After Him Weak Successors Continued

        • Rajnendra 3

          1. He was killed Sundara Pandya in 1258 AD where by Cholas came to an end
          2. After this there is no Chola
          3. Pandyas Emerged Powerful

    • 1C Conquest of Ghazni (1000 AD - 1027 AD)

      • Introduction & Background
        1. Ruler of the Yamini Dynasty of Central Asia
        2. Capital was Ghazni in Afghanistan
        3. He and His Dynasty was Powerful
        4. He was a Pious Muslim and a Scholar
        5. He was Undefeated in his lifetime
        6. He had one of the strongest army
        7. He took help of Jats
        8. He Had 2 Aims
           1. To Loot / Attack India Every Year
           2. To Spread Islam
           3. Never to Rule India
      • Attacks of Ghazni (Ghaznavid Dynasty/Yamini Dynasty)

        • Total Conquest

          In totality he did

          1. 21 Attacks
          2. 17 Attacks were of Major Ones

        • 1000 AD - First Attack on Hindu Shahi (HS)

          1. First Attack on the Hindushahis
          2. He attacked, plundered & looted
          3. HS Ruler - Jayapala

        • 1001 AD - Second Attack on HS

          1. He came Attacked, Plundered, Loot
          2. Battle of Wai Hind between Jayapala and Ghazni

        • 1004 - Again on HS

          1. Attacked Plundered Looted
          2. He converted people of multan province to Islam

        • 1009 - Again on HS

          1. Attacked Plundered Looted

        • 1014 - Attack on Thaneshwar

          Broke the Chakra Swami Temple

        • 1021 - Attack on Chandelas

        • 1023 - Again on Chandelas

        • 1024 - Planned the Somnath Campaign

          1. Reached Somnath
          2. Attacked Plundered Looted
          3. Broke the Temple to the Ground
          4. When he went back, he was disturbed by the Jats
          5. Now Jats got to know that Ghazni was a Invader
          6. Jats Started disturbing him
          7. Ghazni waned the Jats

        • 1027 - Came to India to Punish Jats

          1. He Killed Many Jats in India
          2. Last Attack on Hindu Shahis
          3. He Attacked Plundered Looted
      • 1030 - Ghazni Died
      • Al Beruni
        1. He was the Court Historian of Ghazni
        2. was an Arab, Linguist, Scholar
        3. He accompanied Ghazni in all his Indian Campaigns
        4. He wrote a book called “Kitab Ul Hind”

           • About Rajputs

             1. It Speaks about the Political, Economic, Social, Religious life of Rajputs
             2. Polity of India is divided and Political Instability was seen
             3. Economically India was a rich country and self sufficient
             4. Socially they were divided and rigid
             5. Religiously they were Secular

           • About Wealth of India

             Wealth of Rajputs

             Fertile Land

           • About Cholas of South India

             1. Ghazni Knew South India
             2. But he didn't go to South India
             3. Al-Beruni writes that if his master would have gone down the south he would have lost because cholas were a naval supremacy

           • Knowledge of Indians

             1. Patanjali Yoga
             2. He writes Indians are Calculative
      • After 1048 Years of Ghaznis attack the next Invader Entered India with the Aim to Rule India

    • 1D - Conquest of Ghori ( 1175 AD - 1206 AD)

      • From Ghazni to Ghori there was a 1048 Years Gap

      • Introduction

        1. Ruler of Shahasbani Dynasty of Central Asia
        2. Its capital was Ghori / Ghur / Ghor in Afghanistan
        3. Rival Kingdom was - Ghaznavid Dynasty
        4. His Aim was to Rule India unlike Ghazni

      • Slaves of Ghori

        He was fond of Slaves

        1. Qutubuddin Aibak - Fondest

           Father Son Relationship

        2. Tajuddin

        3. Bakhtiyar Kaki

      • Conquests of Ghori

        • 1175 AD - First Attack

          • Hindu Shahi - Defeated
          • Gujarat - Defeated

        • 1180 AD - Attack on Hindu Shahi

          • Occupied Lahore

        • 1184 AD - Attack on Hindu Shahi

          • Occupied Multan

        • 1186 AD - Attack on Hindu Shahi

          • Occupied Pakistani Punjab (Modern Day)
          • All 3 Kingdoms of Hindu Shahi had been taken away
          • this led to fall of Hindu Shahi

        • 1191 AD - Attack on Bhatinda (Battles of Tarain)

          • It was under Prithvi Raj Chauhan
          • Chauhan was in Delhi
          • Chauhan Coming Up
          • Ghori Coming Down
          • They met at a Place called : Tarain

          ---

          • 1191 AD - First Battle of Tarain
            1. b/w Prithvi Raj Chauhan & Ghori
            2. Ghori Ran Away, Goes Back, Chauhan didn’t kill him
            3. Aibak went to Jai Chand (Father in Law of PRC)
          • 1192 AD - Second Battle of Tarain
            1. Between PRC & Ghori
            2. PRC was Killed
            3. This led to Fall of Chauhans
            4. He appointed son of PRC as a Puppet Ruler and allowed him to issue Goddess Laxmi Coins

        • 1194 AD - Attacked Kannauj (Battles of Chandawar )

          1. Battle of Chandawar between Jai Chand and Ghori
          2. He who has Kannauj has North India
          3. But this led to Fall of Kannauj

        ---

        • Ghori divided into Conquest into 4 Parts

          • Already Existing Kingdom

            Already occupied places like Lahore, will be managed by Tajuddin

          • Western Conquests - Q’Aibak as CiC

            by 1206 AD

            1. He Annexed Solankis
            2. He Annexed Paramaras

          • Central Conquests - Ghori as CiC

            by 1206 AD

            1. He Annexed the Chandelas
            2. He Annexed Kalachuris

          • Eastern Conquests - Bakhtiyar Khilji/Kaki as CiC - Pending to ADD

            by 1206 AD

            1. He Annexed the Senas

            2. He Annexed the Palas

            3. He Burnt the

               1. Nalanda University

               (Ruins of Nalanda is a UNESCO Site)

               1. Vikramshila University
               2. Odantipuri University

            4. He burnt the Universities thinking that they were palaces

            5. 1203 AD - Declared Independence and proceeded towards Tibet

      • Death of Gori

        1206 AD Gori Reached Multan, during his evening prayers he was killed by

        The Khokars ( They were religious sect of Multan )

      • With Death of Q’Aibak

        Q’Aibak declared Independence & established the Slave dynasty in 1206

  • Chapter 2 - Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD - 1526 AD)

    It is divided into 5 Dynasties

    • Introduction of Delhi Sultanate

      • Who is called a Sultan ?

        1. Sultans was a Ruler who accepted the Caliph as their overlord
        2. Initially the Caliphate was in Baghdad, then it shifted to Turkey
        3. No Caliph Came to India
        4. Hence they were called Delhi Sultan
        5. Mughals respected the Caliph but didn’t took them as overlord

      • Why are they called Delhi Sultans

        1. All Rulers had their capital at Delhi except two rulers
           1. Qutubuddin Aibak &
           2. His Son Aram Shah
           3. had capitals as Lahore

        Later Illtumish shifted it to delhi and then it continues until Akbar shifted it from Agra

        Tughlaq Shifted to Devagiri, but returned back and hence we dont count him in a non delhi capital

      • Institution and Person

        Khalifa - Khilafat

        Sultan - Sultenate

    • 1. Slave / Ilbari / Mamluk Dynasty (1206 AD - 1290 AD)
      • Introduction
        • Why is the Dynasty called Slave Dynasty ?
          1. There were 3 Slave Ruler
          2. They had 84 Years of Ruler
             1. 50+ Rules was done by 3 Slaves
             2. in total they had 11+ Rulers
        • Why is the Dynasty called Mamluk Dynasty ?
          1. Mamluk is a Person born out of free parents, who does not know their identity, they dont know about their parents
          2. These three slaves were Mamluk Also
        • Why is the Dynasty called Ilbari Clan ?
          1. He was from Ilbari Clan
      • Rulers
        • 1. Qutubuddin Aibak (1206 AD - 1210 AD) Slave of Ghori
          • Introduction
            1. He was Founder of Slave Dynasty
            2. His Capital is Lahore
            3. No Wars, No Annexation,No Conquest
            4. He earned the Title Lakh Baksh → Giver of Lakhs
          • Construction of Qutub Minar
            1. He laid the construction of Qutub Minar in Delhi & dedicated it to a Sufi Saint “Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki”
            2. But the Qutub Minar was incomplete in his time, only one floor was made
          • Theory of Sufism - Love

            1. They were from Iraq Iran → Baghdad

            2. In Persia - Lots of Fight

            3. Islam Division - Severe Fight

               1. Shia
               2. Sunni

            4. When this Tiff became Intense → It became a Battle

            5. Crusade : Killing people in the name of religion

            6. Some old people, formed themselves in the form of Group called Silsila

            7. Each Silsila had a Head called Sheikh / Khwaja

            8. These Sheikhs had some magical powers, mystical powers

               If they say something it will happen

            9. Sufism Were

               1. They were a Muslim only
               2. God Allah
               3. Text - Quran

            10. They Tried to Liberalise Islam

            11. Islam Prohibits Music

                They did Qawwali

            12. Aurangzeb was against Sufism

            13. Some didnt eat meat in Persia

            14. With Ghori came some chishtis

                1. Chishti - Ajmer
                2. Chishti - Delhi
                3. Qadri - Punjab
                4. Naqshbandi - Multan

            15. Build a Tower here and History will remember u forever

            16. Salim Chishti

                On the way back u will meet a rajput princess and you will give birth to a son

            17. Dargah is the place where the sufi monk is buried

            18. Madurai - Dargah

          • He died while playing “Chaughan” i.e Horse Polo in 1210 AD
        • 2. Aram Shah (1210 AD)
          3. Son of Q’Aibak
          4. Weak, Incapable, Puppet Ruler, Drunkard
          5. His Capital was Lahore
        • 3. Illtumish (1210 AD - 1236 AD) Slave of Q’Aibak
          4. He was defeated by Iltumish
          5. He was Slave and Son in Law of Q’Aibak
          6. He is considered to be the Real Founder of Slave Dynasty
          7. as he began to expand and administer
          8. He Shifted the Capital to Delhi fearing the Mongols
          • Mongols

            1. He Shifted the Capital to Delhi fearing the Mongols

               They were Barbarians and used to kill him, once they occupied a kingdom, they used to marry women of that place.

            2. Chenghis Khan is contemporary of Iltumish, Mongols.

            3. Mongols werent muslim, they were following corrupted form of Buddhism, called Shamanism.

            4. Later Mongols became, muslim as and when they moved towards, central asia, they tasted islam

            5. They wanted to occupy India, then Persia, then Persian Empire (Baghdad).

            6. They were good fighters and strategists

            7. they even trapped the, Tattari Tribe

          • Delhi
            1. Is a Strategic Location
            2. From Delhi to Haryana is Easy
            3. From NWFP to Haryana is tough
          1. He created a powerful group of Turkish Nobles called “Turkan-e-Chihalgani” or “Chalisa” → They are called as King Makers
             1. They were Ranked from 1 to 40
             2. This made him strong
          2. He completed the construction of Qutub Minar and made it as a Four Storied Tower
             1. dedicated to Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki
             2. He made it with Red Stand Stone
          • Chenghis Khan
            1. Chinghiz Khan, the Mongol Leader planned to attack India. He stood at River Indus for 4 Months.
            2. He left Indus, reached Persia, annexed it and on his way, he died naturally
            3. He didn't come to India
            4. For China, India is West, who attacks India should attack Persia, for Mongols, India was a Golden Duck.

          1. He Introduced the Iqta System (Feudalism)

          2. He sent a deed of Investiture to the Caliph of Baghdad

             Caliph accepted it and gave him the title “The Sultan”

          3. He issued

             1. Silver Coin - Tanka
             2. Copper Coin - Jintal
             3. Gold Coin - Dinar

             ---

             1. Coins had Quranic Verses
             2. No Image of Rulers
             3. Till Later Mughals this continued
             4. It had name of the Ruler ex First Muslim Women Ruler Coin Noor Jahan Coins
             5. these coins had Monetary Value

          4. He died of Natural Death

        • 4. Ruknuddin Feroz (1236 AD) Son of Illtumish
          5. He was son of Iltumish
          6. Weak Incapable Puppet Drunkard
          7. Defeated by his Step Sister called Raziya Sultana

        • 5. Raziya Sultana (1236 AD - 1240 AD) Daughter of Illtumish

          6. 3.5 Years of Rule

          7. The first and Last Muslim women ruler of India

          8. Daughter of Iltumish

          9. She was a Scholar

          10. She was an Excellent Hunter

          11. Good Administrator

          12. An Excellent Warrior

          13. She was a very good Archer

          14. She never wore a Purdah to the Court

          15. She discarded the Female Apparel, She wore men's attire

          16. She was unmarried

          17. She asked for a good bodyguard, his noble said he would get slaves from Gujarat, they were slaves from Horn of Africa, Horn of Africa were good in Sea Piracy, Noble Bought a Slave Raziyas Slave was 7 Ft Tall

          18. She purchased an Abyssinian Slave (Ethiopia), called Yakut and made her as her Bodyguard. Later he was made incharge of Royal Stables

          19. Chalisa was against Raziya

          20. Althunia raised a Revolt on Raziya, he was governor of Bhatinda, Punjab

          21. Iltumish had given the letetr to althunia to marry her

          22. when she met him, he proposed for marriage, they fought together,

              /Screenshot_2022-11-12_at_9.11.37_AM.png)

          23. Yakut was killed by Chalisa by 1240

          24. The Chalisa Killed Althunia and Razia

          25. Razia Althunia were buried near the Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah. ASI is repairing the tomb

        • 6. Bahram (1240 AD - 1243 AD)
          7. Just the Name
        • 7. Masud (1243 AD - 1246 AD)
          8. Just the Name
        • 8. Nasiruddin Mohammed (1246 AD - 1266 AD)
          9. His PM/Wazir was Balban was a Defacto
          10. He Married the Daughter of Balban
          11. Fight for Grandson or who would be the next ruler
          12. Balban committed Regicide, and killed him

        • 9. Balban (1266 AD - 1287 AD)

          10. He is Son in Law of Nasiruddin Mohammed

          11. He was a Slave of Balban

          12. Full Name was : Ghiyasuddin Balban

          13. He Abolished Chalisa, he was a part of it.

          14. One of the Greatest Ruler, All Powerful, Strict Ruler (Discipline) and Expansionist

          15. Never was Partial towards the Hindu

          16. Example

              1. Hindu Steal Cow : 10 Whip
              2. Muslim Steal Cow : 100 Whip

          17. He made Lahore, 2 Capital and appointed Jalaluddin Khilji, as its governor

              Jalaluddin Khilji was a mongol expert

          18. He Repaired all the Forts

          19. He Suppressed the Bandits at Mewar and Delhi & restored peace

          20. He Banned the Sale of Liquor & consumption of it

          21. His Punishments were Severe & Brutal

          22. Example

              1. Cheating of Grand Mother
              2. Mother who was beaten
              3. Nobles were killed for coming late

          23. He Introduced 2 New Persian Practises at his court

              1. Sajda - Prostration before the King
              2. Paibos - Kissing King’s Feet

          24. He is trying to introduce, Divine Theory of Kingship

              Islamic Theory of Divine of King → King the Representative of God

          25. Amir Khusro was a child in court

          26. He Banned

              1. Drinking
              2. Gambling
              3. Entertainment
              4. Music - if you dance, cut tongue
              5. Dancing - if you dance, cut leg
              6. Smiling & Laughing - in his court

          27. Court Timing - 6 PM to 9 PM

          28. His Reign / Policy is called as - Policy of Blood & Iron

          29. in 1287, a Mongol Threat was Sensed. So he sent his son Mahmud to NWFP

          30. He died while fighting, this Shattered Balban, Mongols were defeated but Balbans son died

          31. In 1287 Died

        • 10. Kaiqubad
          11. was the Grandson of Balban
          12. Weak Incapable Puppet Drunkard
          13. Wanted a Tank of Wine
          14. He died Shortly
          15. 17-Year-Old Boy
        • 11. Qayyumar
          12. He was 3 Years Old
          13. was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji
    • 2. Khilji / Khalji Dynasty (1290 AD - 1320 AD)

      • Jalaluddin Khilji (1290 AD - 1296 AD)

        1. He is founder of Khilji Dynasty
        2. He Checked the Mongols
        3. He earned the title Good Jalaluddin
        4. He was welfare oriented
        5. He was killed by his own Son in Law Alauddin Khilji
        6. Alauddin Khilji was a Soldier in Jalaluddin’s Army

      • Alauddin Khilji (1296 AD - 1316 AD)

        • Introduction

          1. Greatest Ruler, Powerful, Ambitious
          2. First Delhi Sultanate Ruler to achieve Pan India
          3. He Committed Regicide
          4. He was a Great Military Strategists and an Expansionist
          5. First Delhi Sultanate Ruler (FDSR) to Achieve Pan India
          6. He Looted Yadavs of Devagiri to pacify Jana of Jalaluddin Khilji

        • FDSR to introduce a permanent standing army → Imperial Army

          1. One at Centre - Delhi
          2. One at frontiers - Borders
          3. He paid them in cash
          4. he did this because he wanted to check the Mongols
          5. He paid more than the Akbar
          6. Akbar 1300 Khilji 1500
          7. Still, soldiers complained about less salary, they wanted more salary
          8. Rule of Living in Delhi to be in the Army
          9. Family Came to Delhi
          10. Delhi was expensive
          11. The market was not reformed and regulated
          12. Hence to maintain the Standing Army
          13. Hence, He Introduced Market Reforms

        • To Maintain the Permanent Army he introduced his market reforms

          1. He Established Sepratae Markets for each and every commodity

             These markets were called Mandis

          2. He asked all the Traders to register themselves with the state

             Only a Registered Trader could enter the Mandi

          3. He Fixed the Prices for all commodities

             Example: Amir Khusro

             1. Court Historian of Alauddin Khilji records it
             2. He was a Sufi
             3. He was a Disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya
             4. He is the father of Qawwali
             5. He is a Great Poet
             6. He Invented Sitar & Tabla

          4. He Appointed Special Officers to Supervise all of them

          5. No Hoarding, Smuggling & Black marketing

          6. No Authority could Increase or Decrease the Prices

          7. These were Implemented in Delhi, then Punjab then Multan

          8. His Market Reforms were a Grand Success

        • He was the First Sultan to Measure all the Lands

        • He Two New Practises in the Military Administration

          1. Dagh - Branding of Horses
          2. Huliya - Attendance Roll
          3. This Practised continued until Aurangzeb
          4. These 2 practices were borrowed from Persia

        • Conquests of Alauddin

          North India (1287 - 1303)

          • 1287
            1. He Annexed Gujarat
            2. He Purchased a Slave & Named him Malik Kafur for 1000 Dinar
            3. Hence, he is called Hazrat Dinari
            4. He was highly efficient and a close associate of Alauddin
          • 1299
            1. He Annexed Ranthambore
            2. First Evidence of Jauhar is Recorded
            3. Jauhar is Mass Suicide
            4. Jauhar was not compulsory but a Voluntary Practise
          • 1303
            1. He Annexed Mewar i.e Chittor
            2. Rani Padmini Performed Jauhar
            3. This Jauhar is considered to be the Biggest Jauhar recorded
            4. 16,000 Women performed Jauhar
            5. Padmavat is a book written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi is a Folk Lore
          • His North India Annexation is Complete

          South India (1305-1311)

          • Feudal Lords of Rasthrkutas

            1. The Yadava of Devagiri - Maharashtra
            2. The Kakatiyas of Warangal - AP & Telangana
            3. The Hoysala's of Dwarasamudra / Halebids - Karnataka

          • Other Rulers

            1. The Pandyas of Madurai - TN
            2. The Cheras of Cochin - Kerala

          • Points

            1. Conquests are Credited to Malik Kafur
            2. FDSR to achieve Pan India

          • Map

            /Screenshot_2022-11-17_at_6.41.33_PM.png)

          • Creation of Mopillah

            Malik Kafur reached Rameshwaram and got a few people converted to Islam and they were called “Tamil Muslims” or “Mopillah”

            Islam didn't enter with force

      • Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316 AD - 1319 AD)

        1. Son of Alauddin
        2. Weak Incapable Puppet Drunkard
        3. in 1317 he killed Malik Kafur
        4. He was defeated by his Noble - Khusro Khan

      • Khusro Khan (1319 AD - 1320 AD)

        1. He is the Last Ruler of the Khilji Dynasty
        2. He was a Hindu, Got converted to Islam
        3. He was defeated by a Noble called Ghazi Malik in 1320
        4. Not from Khilji Dynasty but is running the Khilji Rule
    • 3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD - 1413 AD)

      • Ghyasuddin Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik) - GST (1320 AD - 1325 AD)

        1. His Original Name was Ghazi Malik

        2. He was Founder

        3. He was 70 Years Old

        4. He earned the title of Good Ghyasuddin

        5. He had a Troubled Relationship with Nizamuddin Auliya. He tried to kill Nizamuddin Auliya → Delhi Door Hai

        6. Pan India Still Existed

        7. There were 2 Internal Revolts

           1. Bengal & Warangal
           2. To Suppress it he sent his son Juna Khan.
           3. Juna Khan was successful in Suppressing it
           4. Hence Juna Khan was credited to maintain the Pan India

        8. Warangal Ruler gave the Kohinoor to the Juna Khan

           The Kakatya Ruler gave it to Juna Khan

           The Journey of Kohinoor

        9. Juna Khan killed GST and took a title called Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

      • Mohammed bin Tughlaq (Juna Khan) - MBT (1325 AD - 1351 AD)

        4+3 = 7 Events - To Remember

        • Introduction

          1. He is called the Wisest Fool (The Oxymoron)
          2. He was a Scholar, Astronomer, Mathematician, Agriculturalist, Physician, Calligrapher, Geographer
          3. He was a man of Multiple Character
          4. The “Tughlaqi Aadesh” is famous for his name
          5. He never consulted with anyone
          6. All of his policies were announced at night

        • 4 Policies & there failures (in Chronology)

          • 1. Shifting of Capital

            • He shifted the Capital from Delhi to Devagiri

              Reason

              To Get to Centre of India

              To Prevent Mongol Invasion

              Devagiri was renamed as Daulatabad

              He wanted the people of delhi in Devagiri, he didn't leave even a Dog & Horse

              It was 42 Days, Many Died on the Way.

              He arranged Food & Water on Road

              Half of Half Reached Devagiri

              He is the King who beat the Children

              The Grandmother & Dog Story from Qutub Minar

            • He Re Shifted again to Delhi within 7 Months

              because Mongols were attacking Delhi

          • 2. Token Currency Problems
            3. He Introduced Bronze, Brass, and Low-Grade Copper Coins. He placed it at par with a Silver Coin
            4. Because there was a Demand for Silver
            5. Silver comes from Afghanistan
            6. Mongols blocked the Afghanistan Route
            7. India is blessed with Copper
            8. Hence every household started minting Coins
            9. Then when he did it, he reverted it back
            10. Resulted in Economic Standstill and Hyper Inflation
          • 3. Heavy Taxation of Doab
            4. Normal Tax i.e Bhag - 1/6th
            5. Doab Region - 1/2 of the Produce because Doab was a Fertile / Rich / Monsoon Doesn't Fail
            6. When people got to know about this, people migrated from Doab Region
          • 4. Invasion of Khurasan
            5. To Check the Mongols the Army was sent to Annexe the Khurasan
            6. Central Asians deliberately delayed the war because they wanted to let the winter enter
            7. Due to Winters (Siberian Current), Army had a Setback
            8. 2,80,000 Army People Went, 1,00,000 returned to India
            9. He asked the Army to comeback

        • 3 Heart Attacks by South India

          • 1336 - Establishment of Vijayanagar

            in 1336 Vijayanagar Empire was Established by two Brothers called Harihara and Bukka with Hampi as their Capital

            Hampi is on the Banks of River Tungabhadra

            Pan India was lost from here

          • 1336 - Pandyas of Madurai declared Independence

          • 1347 - The Bahmani Kingdom was Established

            1. The Bahmani Kingdom was Established with Alauddin Hasan Gangu as its founder
            2. Gulbarga in Karnataka was the capital of the Bahmani Kingdom & later Bidar in Karnataka

        • Final Map

          /Screenshot_2022-11-17_at_7.33.21_PM.png)

        • He Nominated his Nephew Feroz Shah Tughlaq as his Successor

      • Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351 AD - 1388 AD)

        • Introduction
          1. He was a Nephew of MBT
          2. Last Greatest Ruler of DS
          3. He was an Ambitious, Scholar, Welfare Oriented, Pious Ruler
          4. His Inspiration was Ashoka
          5. He brought two Ashokan Pillars to delhi
             1. One from Meerut, UP to Delhi
             2. One from Topra, Haryana to Delhi
        • He Wrote his Autobiography called “Futuhat E Ferozshahi” in Turkish فئتئھات ع فیرہزسھاھئ

          1. He constructed 300 Towns

             1. Hissar - Haryana
             2. Jaunpur - UP
             3. Firozabad - UP
             4. Ferozpur - UP

          2. He constructed 30 Madrasas

          3. He constructed 3 Universities

             1. Jaunpur University - First Islamic University

          4. He Repaired Hauz Khas built by Alauddin Khilji in Delhi

          5. He Repaired the Qutub Minar which was damaged by Lightning. He added Marble to the Fourth and Fifth Story

             So the Height of the Minar got Increased

             • The Architecture of Qutub Minar

               /Screenshot_2022-11-17_at_7.46.05_PM.png)

          6. He constructed

             1. Old Age Homes
             2. Orphanage Homes
             3. Homes for Widows & Destitutes

          7. He created a Separate Department for Charity

          8. He Creates a Separate Department for Slaves

             1. He was Fond of Slaves
             2. He had 1,80,000 Slaves
        • In 1388 he died Naturally

      • Mohammad Shah Tughlaq (1388 AD - 1398 AD)

        1. Son of Feroz Shah Tughlaq
        2. Taimur Invaded India and Sacked Delhi for 15 Days
           1. He was a Barbarian
           2. He was 1/2 Turk(father) & 1/2 Mongol (mother)
           3. He was from Timurid or Taimurid Dynasty
           4. He Left India to Annex Persia but on his way he died
        3. He dethroned himself

      • Nusrat Shah Tughlaq (1399 AD - 1413 AD)

        1. He was the Last Ruler
        2. He was defeated by his Noble Khizar Khan
    • 4. Sayyid Dynasty (1413 AD - 1451/53 AD)
      • Khizar Khan
        1. Founder
      • Mubarak Shah
      • Muhammad Shah
      • Alam Shah
        1. Last Ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty
        2. He was defeated by his Ruler called Bahlol Lodhi
    • 5. Lodhi Dynasty (1451/53 AD - 1526 AD)
      • Bahlol Lodhi
        1. First Afghan Rule of India
        2. He is Founder
        3. He was a Military Commander
      • Sikander Lodhi
        1. He is the Son of Bahlol
        2. in 1504 he constructed a New City called Agra to check the Rajputs (The Rajputs from Rajasthan)
      • Ibrahim Lodhi
        • Introduction
          1. He is son of Sikander
          2. He was Like Dhanananda i.e unpopular amongst his subjects
          3. He is the Last Ruler of Lodhi
          4. He was Unpopular Amongst his Subjects
        • The Advent of Mughals

          • The Background

            1. Blue Dot: His cousin and governor of Punjab was a person called Daulat Khan Lodhi

            2. Red Dot: Babur was the ruler of Afghanistan

            3. Rana Sanga was the Ruler of Mewar

            4. They all aimed to occupy

               /Screenshot_2022-11-17_at_7.59.39_PM.png)

          • 1525 - He Invited Babur to Defeat Ibrahim Lodhi

          • 1526 - Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to Defeat Ibrahim Lodhi

          • They asked him for help

            1. Because he was a famous Ruler
            2. He used Gun Powder for the first time
            3. Ibrahim Lodhi’s Army was big

          • He Accepted Both the Invitations

          • Here, he fought the First Battle of Panipat

          • In this Battle, Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and killed

          • He took the title of Badshah

          • He declared himself as “Badshah of Hindostan”

  • Chapter 3 - Mughal Empire (1526 AD - 1858 AD)

    • Mind Map

      /Screenshot_2022-11-19_at_1.06.49_AM.png)

    • Early Mughals (1526 AD - 1707 AD)

      • Introduction of Empire
        1. Absolute Monarchy
        2. Rulers were called BadShah or PadShah
        3. They were Sovereign Rulers
        4. They weren’t called Sultan’s because they respected the Caliph but didn’t take Caliph as their Overlord
        5. They were Turks i.e Turco-Mongoloid Race
        6. Court Language was Persian and Turkish
        • 7. They had their capitals at
          8. Delhi
          9. Agra
          10. Fatehpur Sikri
          11. Lahore
        • 8. Ruler wise Capitals
          9. Babur
             1. Delhi - Only Capital
          10. Humayun
              1. Delhi - Only Capital
          11. Akbar
              1. Delhi - First Capital
              2. Shifted to Agra in 1562 due to water crisis in Delhi
              3. Shifted to Fatehpuri Sikri for Salim Chishti in 1571, Here for 12 Years
              4. Shifted to Agra in 1583
              5. Shifted to Lahore in 1584
              6. Shifted to Agra in 1585
          12. Jahangir
              1. Agra - Capital Only
          13. Shahjahan
              1. Delhi Only
          14. Aurangzeb
              1. Delhi Only
        1. It was a Federal State and Unitary Form of Government
      • Ruler

        • Babur - 4 Year (1526 - 1530)

          1. He was from Turco-Mongoloid Ruler
          • 2. Descendence
            3. He is called a Turk because he was the 14th Descendant from his Mothers Dide
            4. He was the 5th Descendant of Taimur from his Fathers Side
               1. He was a Turk because his father was from Turkish Side

          1. He was the Founder of Mughal Empire

          2. He was a Pious Muslim

          3. He was a Scholar

             His name is still in 3rd Number Turkish Literature

          4. He was a very good Orator

          • 5. He was a Military Strategist

            6. He was the first to use Gun Powder Artillery in India

               Gun Powder already existed with Vijayanagar but Babur used it first

            7. Babur had small pistols

          • Tuzuk E Baburi Introduction

            He wrote his Auto Biography called “Tuzuk-i-Baburi” in Turki

            His Mother tongue was Turkish or Turki

            This was Translated into Persian and Named as “BaburNama” by Abdul Lahori

            Abdul Lahori was a Court Poet of Shah Jahan

          • Content of Tuzuk E Baburi

            • Writes about Indian Geography and People

              Water Issue in Delhi

            • Writes about his Contemporaries

              1. Rana Sangha - He Praised him a lot
              2. Ibrahim Lodhi - He called him a Pathetic Ruler
              3. Krishna Deva Raya - He wishes he could meet him but had no point
              4. Gurunanak
                 1. Founder of Sikhism
                 2. He was a Teacher at Talwandi, Punjab

            • Writes about his Sons

              1. Humayun - Eldest
              2. Kamran
              3. Hindal
              4. Askari - Youngest

            • Writes about his Conquests

              1. 1526 - First Battle of Panipat

                 between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi

                 Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and killed

              2. 1527 - Battle of Kanva

                 between Babur and Rana Sangha

                 Rana Sangha was defeated he fled away to the forest and he died there in 1528

              3. 1528 - Battle of Chanderi

                 between Babur & Medini Rai

                 Medini Rai was killed

              4. 1529 - Battle of Ghagra

                 between Babur & Nusrat Shah of Bengal

                 Nusrat Shah Surrendered

                 He caught fever here, he got to know that Humayun was on death bed, he moved towards delhi for Humayun, Humayun got ok and he received him

                 but that night Babur Died of Fever

            • Writes about his death wish

              He was buried at Kabul

              as he had asked Humayun to not bury him in Delhi

        • Timeline Information

          (1530-40)(1540-55)(1555-56)

          /Screenshot_2022-11-18_at_1.56.03_PM.png)

        • Humayun - First Term - 10 Year (1530-40)

          • Introduction
            1. Eldest Son of Babur
            2. He was kind & Humane
            3. He was NOT a diplomat
          • Conquests

            • 1531

              He Annexed Chandela’s of Bundelkhand

            • 1535

              Contest with

              • Rani Karnavati of Mewar
                1. She was the widow of Rana Sangha
                2. Sister Rakhi Humayaun Celebrated
                3. Bahadur Shah got to know. He sent Army to the Jungles of Mewar
                4. Rani Karnavati's sons were killed women were dishonoured by Bahadur Shah
                5. Karnavati Pledged
              • Bahadur Shah of Gujarat

            • 1539

              Battle of Chausa

              1. between Humayun and Sher Shah
              2. He Ran for his Life & jumped into the Ganga & a Boatman called Nizam Saved Him
              3. Nizam took him to the nearest city Kannauj

            • 1540

              1. The Battle of Kannauj / Bilgram was fought between Humayun & Shershah
              2. Humayun Lost and He Ran for His Life
          • Humayun in Exile

            1. He was in Exile for 15 Years

            2. 1540 - Reached Malwa, Ruler Refused to Help

            3. 1541 - He Married Hameeda Bano Begum in Sindh. She was a Shia, whereas Mughals were Sunni

            4. 1542 - Akbar was Born at Amarkot in Rajavirsalas Palace

               Humayun cried that Akbar's father was a Refugee King

               He gave Akbar to Raja Veer Sala and asked him to not teach him but asked him to teach him war

               Humayun sent Bairam Khan, to teach him warfare and military tactics

            5. 1542 - He left India and Reached Persia

            6. 1555 - Humayun defeated the Last Sur Ruler Sikander Shah

        • Sher Shah Suri & his Descendants (1540-55)

          Since Sher Shah was an Afghan, we call this period, a Second Afghan Rule in India

          First Ruler : Sher Shah Suri

          Last Ruler : Sikander Shah

        • Humayun - Second Term - 8 Years (1555-56)

          1. There was a revolt at Kalanaur in Punjab
          2. So to Suppress it, he sent Akbar and Bairam Khan
          3. They both Suppressed it
          4. 1556 - Humayun slipped off the stairs of his Library and died
          5. When Humayun died Akbar was in Punjab

        • Akbar - 49 Years (1556-1605)

          • Introduction & Background

            1. When Humayun died Akbar was at Kalanaur in Punjab

            2. Bairam Khan immediately coronated Akbar

            3. There was tension prevailing in the kingdom

            4. Meanwhile, a Hindu General named Hemu occupied the Throne in Delhi and declared Independence

               and he took the title Vikramaditya

            5. Akbar Declared War on him

            6. They both met at Panipat

            7. in 1556, the Second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and Hemu.

            8. Akbar won the Battle and Hemu was killed

            9. Akbar Reached Delhi

            • 10. Map - Second Battle of Panipat between Hemu and Akbar in 1556
              /Screenshot_2022-11-18_at_2.25.15_PM.png)
            1. He fought the Battle of Panipat

          • His reign has been divided into 3 Stages

          • Stage 1 - Tutelage of Bairam Khan (1556-60)

            • under Bairam’s Control
            • Background of Bairam Khan
              1. Bairam Khan was a Persian
              2. Bairam Khan was a Shia
              3. He was Wazir PM of the Mughal Empire
              4. His wife's name was - Salima Banu Begam
              5. His Sons name was - Abdur Rahim Khane Khana
            • Background
              1. In this Period No Wars, No Conquests, No Annexations
              2. Because Akbar didn't have brothers and had no Son
              3. Akbar Got Married at the Age of 9 but had many daughters but no Son
              4. Mahanga, the chief nurse of Akbar, poisoned the ears of Akbar
              5. In 1560 Bairam Khan was asked by Akbar to Retire and reached Tilwara in Rajasthan
              6. He was discontent, it had been 22 days since Bairam Khan had gone. He was missing Bairam.
              7. Bairam Khan raised a Revolt against Akbar. Akbar was happy. He asked his soldiers to bring Bairam Khan and asked them to bring him to Delhi
              8. in 1560 Battle of Tilwara occurred between the Mughals and Bairam Khan
              9. There was an Emotional Reunion between them
              10. Abul Fazal the court historian writes about this
              11. Akbar asked Bairam khan to take the job back
              12. Bairam Khan said that it would be a wrong precedent to set that a revolting PM would come back
              13. Bairam Khan wanted to go to Mecca and on his way to Mecca, he was killed by a Soldier Called Mubarak Khan
              14. Mubarak Khan killed Bairam Khan because Bairam Khan had killed his father in the second battle of Panipat

          • Stage 2 - Petticoat Government (1560-64)

            He was under influence of the Harem or the Janana

            He had many matrimonial influences

            1. 1562 - Shifted Capital to Agra
            2. 1562 - abolished the practise of enslaving war prisoners
            3. 1562

               1. AK took a pilgrimage to Fatehpur Sikri to seek blessings from a Sufi called Sheikh Salim Chishti AR

               2. Raja Bharmal of Ajmer (Jaipur) - took a pilgrimage to Ajmer Dargah to seekh blessings from the Sufi Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti AR

               3. Raja Bharmal’s son was General of Akbar, his name was Bhagwan Das

                  this Bhagwan Das had a son called Raja Man Singh

                  Man Singh was Commander in Chief of Akbar

               4. Her name was

                  1. Bhanumati

                  2. Harkabai

                  3. She got converted to Islam and Named her Mariam-uz-Zamani

                     Royal wives were always called with a Title Name

                  4. Akbar gave her the Turkish Title “Jodha”

               5. She Married AK - they gave birth to a Son and he was named Salim (as he was born from prayers of Jahangir)

            4. 1563 - He Abolished Pilgrim Tax
            5. 1564 - He Abolished Jizyah

          • Stage 3 - Conquests

            • 1561

              1. Annexed Malwa

            • 1562

              1. Annexed Chunar, UP

            • 1564

              1. Gondwana, Norther Orissa & MP

            • 1567

              1. Attacked Chittor
              2. Ruler was Rana Uday Singh & they fled away to the forest & died there (Son of Rana Sangha & Rani Karnavati)
              3. His Son was Maha Rana Pratap
              4. Akbar Annexed Chittor

            • 1571

              1. Shifted the Capital to Fatehpur Sikri
              2. He was here for 12 Years until 1583
              3. Because he wanted to live near the Place of Sufi Saint Salim Chishti

            • 1572

              1. He Annexed Gujarat
              2. So to Celebrate his Victory he constructed the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri

            • 1576

              1. He fought Battle of Haldighati between Rana Pratap & Raja Man Singh
              2. Though Chittor was under Akbar but Rana was controlling some parts of Mewar
              3. Ran Pratap fled to the Forest (he was wounded) and he died there
              4. His Son Rana Amar Singh became ruler in Jungles

              ---

              1. He Annexed Bengal

            • 1580

              1. He Annexed Kabul

            • 1590

              1. He Annexed Ahmednagar

            • Akbars Empire

              /Screenshot_2022-11-19_at_8.11.10_AM.png)

            • Akbar's South Strategy

              Akbars told Beerbal about South India

              When South Indians Fight i.e Vijaya Nagara & Bahmani Kingdom - they will fight

              But at the same time, when someone outsider would come to fight,

              Bahmani wouldn't help Mughals

              they will unite and fight against

              Hence, Regionalism prevails over Religion

          • Navratna’s of Akbar

            1. Raja Birbal - Court Tester

            2. Raja Todarmal - Economist

            3. Raja Bhagwan Das - General

            4. Raja Man Singh - Commander in Chief

            5. Abul Fazl - Court Historian

               He wrote Ain-i-Akbari in Turkish

               It was Translated into Persian called Akbar Nama by Abdul Lahori

            6. Faizi - Court Historian

            7. Tansen - Musician

            8. Abdur Rahim - Close Associate

            9. Mullah Do Pyaza - Moral Adviser

          • 1605 - Akbar Died of ill health

        • Jahangir - 22 Years (1605-1627)

          • Introduction

            1. First Son was - Prince Khusrau

            2. Second Son was - Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan)

            3. He was an Excellent Painter and a keen judge of it

            4. Jahangir was also a Scholar and wrote his Autobiography called Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri

               Abdul Lahori Translated it to Persian called Jahangirnama

            5. He was addicted to Wine. He was an alcoholic

            6. His Favourite wife of - Nur Jahan

               1. She is the only women ruler who issued the Sheet
               2. She was a Persian
               3. She was a Shia
               4. Her father was Itimad-ud-Daulah
               5. Mother - Asmat Banu Begum
               6. Brother - Asaf Khan
                  1. Asaf Khan daughter was Mumtaz Mahal
               7. Her First Husband was Ali Quli Beg
               8. Her daughter with Ali Quli Beg was Ladli Begum
               9. Noor Jahan and Jahangir had no Kids
               10. Thomas Roe writes
                   1. She used to control the Empire
                   2. Jahangir was a Sick Ruler and used to fall sick
                   3. She had blue eyes, she was beautiful
                   4. He used to bring Kolhapuri Chappals for here

          Khusrau

          • 1606
            1. 1. Conquests and Problems
            2. Prince Khusrau Revolted
            3. He was Governor of Punjab
            4. Before Revolting he Took Blessings from the 5th Guru Arjun Dev
            5. Jahangir Blinded him
            6. He turned the Anger towards Arjun Dev
            7. He called him to Agra and asked him to pay a fine
            8. Arjun Dev Refused
            9. Jahangir killed Arjun Dev

          Britishers

          • 1609
            1. Sir Williamn Hawkins Sough Permission to construct a factory at Surat
            2. Permission was Granted
          • 1615
            1. Sir Thomas Roe to construct factories throughout Mughal Empire
            2. Permission was Granted

          Mewar

          • 1613

            Peace with Mewar ; Ruler was Raja Amar Singh accepted the Mughals

          Death

          • 1627

            He died Naturally

        • Shahjahan - 30 Years (1628-1658)

          • He had 4 Sons
            • 1. DaraShikoh - Punjab Governor
              2. He was Governor of Punjab
              3. He was a Pacifist
              4. He translated Ramayan, Mahabharat, Upanishad into Persian
              5. He Promoted Hindu Muslim Unity
              6. He was not a Commander, He couldn't fight
            • 2. ShahShuja - Bengal Governor
            • 3. Aurangzeb - Deccan Governor
            • 4. Murad - Gujarat Governor
          • Conquests

            • 1632

              1. He Annexed Ahmed Nagar & Appointed Prince Aurangzeb as the Governor
              2. Here Mumtaz Died while giving birth to her 14th Child
              3. She was Temporarily Buried at Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh

              ---

              1. Shivajis Father, Shah Ji Bhonsle was the Diwan here
              2. Shah Ji Bhonsle went to Bijapur

            • 1636

              1. Prince Aurangzeb Annexed Bijapur & Golconda
              2. Shah Jahan was the first Mughal Ruler to have Pan India
              3. Prince Aurangzeb was appointed as the governor of Deccan
              4. He constructed a new city on his name called Aurangabad

            • 1648

              1. Shah Jahan Shifted the Capital to Agra

            • 1658

              1. Shah Jahan fall at Agra

              2. War of Succession took Place

              3. Shahjahan Nominated DaraShikoh as his Successor

              4. Dara & Aurangzeb fought a Battle called Battle of Samugarh where DaraShikoh was defeated

                 DaraShikoh Fled Away

              5. He came to Agra and imprisoned Shahjahan

            • 1666

              He died as a Prisoner and a Pensioner

        • Aurangzeb (1658-1708)

          • Introduction
            1. He was a Scholar
            2. He was a Sunni Muslim
            3. He Believed that Islam is the ONLY organised religion & it was his duty to convert all with force
            4. He was not a Liberal, He was a Conservative & Orthodox
            5. He was an Excellent Veena Player and Later Discarded it
            6. He banned Music, Dance, Paintings etc in his Court
          • Extent of His Kingdom
            1. North - Kashmir
            2. South - Jinjee (TN)
            3. East - Arakan
            4. West - Hindukush
          • Problems of Aurangzeb
            • 1. 1661

              He Suppressed the Jats & killed many

            • 2. 1663

              He broke the Kashi Vishwanath Temple & Constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque

              All Hindus Revolted but he suppressed them all

            • 3. 1675

              He Killed the 9th Sikh Guru i.e Tegh Bahadur

              thus Mughal & Sikh enmity became common and Rigid

              10th Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh in 1699 organised the Khalsa Panth meaning Khalsa means Pure Military Sect

              After his Death, Banda Bahadur assumed Leadership

            • 4. Maratha - Refer Modern History
            • 5. 1686

              He Ordered the Portuguese to vacate Bengal as they were converting to Christianity

            • 6. 1686

              Imprisoned his Son Muazzam

            • 1679

              Re Imposed Jizyah

            • 1688

              Pilgrim Tax

            • 1707

              He died

    • Later Mughals (1707 AD - 1858 AD)

• Temple Architecture of India
• The Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate
• The Architecture of Mughal Empire