Maps Foundation

Defintion

Strait : Connects Two Water Bodies & Separates Land. (S of Strait Separates Land)

World

Introduction
- 5 Oceans
  
  Covers 70% of the earth's surface
  - Connection between Bodies
    1. connects the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean
      1. Natural - Drake Passage
      2. Man Made - Panama Canal
    2. Bering Strait
      1. connection between Pacific Ocean and Arctic Ocean
      2. Separates USA & Russia
  - 1. Pacific Ocean - Largest in Size
    2. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and the deepest ocean on average
    3. It is also called as Pacific Ring of Fire
    4. It is twice the size of the Atlantic Ocean
    5. The Pacific Ocean has the deepest point in the ocean ie Marian Trench and Mariana Trench has Challenger Deep (10,900 Mts)
    6. Major country nearest to Challenger Deep is the Philippines; Approximately it has a depth of 10, 994 metres
    7. Highest Point on Earth is Mt Everest 8848. Hence Highest point on Earth is less than Deepest point on Sea
  - 1. Atlantic Ocean - Second Largest in Size
    2. It is the youngest Ocean 250 million years is its age, becasue of Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading.
    3. It is the 2nd largest ocean and is in S-shape
    4. The most prominent feature is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is also in S-shape
  - 1. Indian Ocean - Third Largest in Size
    2. Only Ocean to be named after a country
    3. The Indian Ocean is connected to land towards the North
    4. Responsible for Monsoon and dictates weather of land north to Indian Ocean
  - 1. Arctic Ocean - Fourth Largest in Size
    2. Arctic Ocean - It is the smallest ocean out of all the 5 oceans
    3. It has no landmass and is covered with ice
    4. The area under the ice is decreasing due to Global warming
    5. The polar bear is the largest land carnivore which is there in the Arctic
    6. Due to Arctic amplification - the impact of Global warming is more as it has a fragile ecosystem
      
      the rate of increase of temperature is high here
    7. According to report of IPCC → Also weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is taking place → Reduced Intensity of Ocean Currents
    8. Human beings have been existing here for long times; Also
    9. Neanderthals also existed here
  - 1. Southern Ocean
    2. Southern Ocean is the fifth Ocean and is the recent addition i.e in the year 2000 by International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
    3. Rationale - As it does not mix with other waters easily due to westerlies
    4. Southern Ocean is until 60 degree south latitude
    5. Unofficially the Southern Ocean is also called Austral Ocean (Meaning of Australis is South) or Antarctica Ocean
- 7 Continents
  - Basic of Continents
    1. Continents as per Size (in decreasing order)
      1. Asia
      2. Africa
      3. North America
      4. South America
      5. Antarctica
      6. Europe
      7. Oceania (Australlia)
    2. No standard and official definition for the continent
    3. Till the edge of the continental shelf, it is continent and beyond it is part of world oceans
    4. Asia and Europe
      1. The Ural Mountains as the boundary between Europe and Asia
      2. Caucasus Mountain Region - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia
      3. Turkey connects both Asia and Europe;
        
        Istanbul → earlier Name → Constantinople → Silk Route used to pass through this
      4. Seas - the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
    5. Asia and Africa
      1. the Sinai Peninsula is under the control of Egypt
    6. Asia & Ocenaia
      1. New Guinea Island
        
        Boundary between Asia (Indonesia) and Oceania (Papua New Guinea)
  - Asia
    1. Highest Point of Asia - Mount Everest is between Nepal and China
    2. Mt Everest was first climed by Edmund Hilary & Tenzing Norway
    3. Worlds Deepest Point on the continent - Dead Sea (between Israel and Jordon)
  - Europe
    1. Europe - It is called the Peninsula of the Peninsulas
    2. Vatican City - Smallest Country is in Europe
    3. Russia - Largest Country of the World
    4. Alps Mountains
    5. Mount Elbrus in Caucasian Mountains is the highest Point of Europe
    6. The Caspian Sea is the lowest point in Europe
  - Africa
    1. Africa is the only continent through which Tropic of Cancer, Capricorn and Equator passes through it
    2. Strait of Gibraltar - Belongs to UK
    3. the Nile River - Longest River of the World
    4. Dark Continent - Because it was not explored much
    5. The highest point of Africa - Mt Kilimanjaro
    6. Lowest Point of Africa - Lake Assal (Djibouti)
  - Americas - It consists of both North and South America
    1. Both are connected but not connected to other continents
    2. North American - Greenland (Denmark), USA, Canada, Mexico, etc
    3. South America - Chile, Argentina, till the Drake Passage
    4. Americas are called the New World
    5. Latin America excludes USA and Canada
    6. Highest Point of N. America - Mount McKinley or Denali in Alaska, etc
    7. Lowest Point of North America : Death Valley Near California
  - South America
    1. It is from Venezuela till Andes (Continental Oceanic Convergence Plate)
    2. Ocenas
      1. East - Pacific
      2. Weste - Atlantic
      3. South - Southern
    3. Separated from North America by Drakes passage
    4. Largest River in terms of Water Volume : Amazon River
      
      Amazon is so large in terms of water, that all 10 after amazon have less water than them
      
      Here there is very high bio diversity in this water due to the volume
    5. Amazon River and Orinocco River passes through Venezuela
    6. Angel Falls is the highest waterfall in the world i.e 979 metres
      
      It falls in one of the Guinea Highlands
    7. Highest Point of S. America - Mt Aconcagua in Argentina ie 6960 metres - Highest Peak outside himalayas
    8. Deepest Point of S. America - Valdez Peninsula
  - Oceania
    1. Presence of a large number of Islands - Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia; Australasia
    2. Oceania = Micronesia + Melanesia + Polynesia + Australlia
    3. Micronesia - Kiribati and Marshall Islands
    4. Melanesia - Papua New Guniea Islands, Fiji Islands (due to Melanin Pigmentation)
    5. Polynesia - A large number of islands spread over a large area;
      1. Hawaii Island (50th State of USA)
      2. Eastern Island
      3. New Zealand
    6. Great Dividing Range - Australia
    7. Southern Alps - New Zealand
    8. Highest Peak - Mount Wilhelm in Papua New Gunea
    9. Deepest Point - Lake Eyre in Australia
  - Antarctica
    1. It is also called as White continent as 99% of it is covered in ice
    2. It is also called Terra Australis Incognita ie land south unknown
    3. There should be a land opposite to arctic. Hence it is called Anti Arctic
    4. Russians were first one to Land in Antarctica, then after 2 days Britain came
    5. Antarctic Treaty System, 1961 - Antarctica belongs to no one and is for peaceful purposes & scientific experiments only
    6. Only Few Species Survive Here : Emperor Penguins. For laying eggs they search Land, hatch eggs on foots
    7. During winter size of antractica allmost doubles
Political Locations - Boundaries and Neighbours
Physical - Mountains, Plains, Rivers, etc
Economic Aspect - Transporation, Minerals
Oceanic and Current related

India

Introduction
- Indian Mapping
  - Neighbouring Countries
    1. Land Boundary (Ba Ch P A N M B A) → In Decreasing Order
      1. Bangladesh (4000 Kms)
      2. China (3500 Kms)
      3. Pakistan (3300 KMs)
      4. Nepal (1700 KMs)
      5. Myanmar (1650 Kms)
      6. Bhutan (700 Kms)
      7. Afghanistan - Wakhan Corridor
    2. Maritime Boundaries - Defined Boundary within 24 Nautical Miles, where any other country shares water
      1. Sri Lanka
      2. Maldives
      3. Indonesia - Andaman Nicobars Border With Sumatra
      4. Thailand
    3. Organsiation
      1. Maritime Borders - Coastguard (Para Military)
      2. Land Boundary - CAPF (Central Armed Police Force)
        
        BSF - Border Secutiy Force → Pakistan & Bangladesh
        
        CRPF - Central Reserved Police Force → Inland India
        
        ITBP - Indo Tibetan Border Police → China
        
        SSB - Shasastra Seema Bal
        
        CISF - Central Industrial Security Force → Urban & Industrial India
      3. Myanmar Border → Assam Rifles
      4. Difference between Paramilatry & CAPF
        
        CAPF is lead by their own officers and they come under home minitsry
        
        Para Military forces are lead by Army Officers & it comes under Defence Ministry
  - Extreme Points of India
    
    Points
    1. Southern Most Point
      1. Cape Comorin, Kanyakumari (on land)
      2. Indira Point (on water)
    2. Northern Most Point
      1. In Gilgit Baltistan → Indira Col near Sichen, in PoK
    3. Easternmost Point
      1. Kibithu (Arunachal Pradesh)
    4. Western Most Point
      1. Sir Creek (Kutch, Gujrat) && Ghuar Moti
    States
    1. Northern Most - Jammu & Kashmir
    2. Southern Most - Andaman & Nicobar
    3. Eastern Most - Arunachal Pradesh
    4. Western Most - Gujarat
    Other Points
    1. Highest Point - Mt K2 or Mt Godwin Austin →
      1. Second Highest Peak in the World
      2. Most Dangerous Peak in the World
      3. Difficult to Climb than Mt Everest
      4. More people have gone on space than who have climbed K2
      5. 1/3 of people who tried climbing have died
    2. Highest Point in Indian Occupation - Kanchenjunga Peak
    3. Lowest Point in India Occupation - Kuttanad, Kerela
      
      Famous for Below Sea Rice Farming. Known for cultivating Rice & Fish
- States and Union Territories (UTs)
  
  28 states in India and 8 Union Territories (UTs)
  - UT of India
    1. Jammu & Kashmir
    2. Ladakh
    3. Chandigarh
      1. Common Capital of Haryana and Punjab
    4. Delhi
      1. NCR - National Capital Region
        
        NCR has no Legal Existence
        
        Haryana, UP, Rajasthan
      2. NCT - National Capital Territory
        
        Delhi NCT is UT. NCT comes under Delhi Govt
    5. Daman & Diu & Dadra & Nagar Haveli - They were under Potuguese
    6. Puducherry
      1. Culturally & Historically Different
      2. Spread Across 3 States
      3. Spread Across 4 Points
        
        2 in Tamil Nadu - Karaikal & Puducherry
        
        1 AP - Yanam
        
        1 Kerala - Mahe
    7. Lakshwadeep
    8. Andaman & Nicobar
  - States of India
    - Indian Map
    - States
      - Northernmost (6)
        
        j&k (UT)
        
        Ladakh (UT)
        
        HP
        
        Uttarakhand
        
        Punjab
        
        Haryana
      - Western (4)
        
        Gujarat
        
        Rajasthan
        
        MP
        
        Mah
      - Southern (6)
        
        Goa
        
        Karnataka
        
        Telangana
        
        AP
        
        TN
        
        Kerala
      - Eastern (6)
        
        UP
        
        Bihar
        
        CG
        
        Jharkhand
        
        Orissa
        
        West Bengal
      - North East (8)
        
        Sikkim
        
        Assam
        
        AP
        
        Nagaland
        
        Manipur
        
        Mizoram
        
        Tripura
        
        Meghalaya
    - Borders of Indian States with Other States (Visualise, Not Memorise)
      
      Border states of Chattisgarh - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh. (Not Bihar)
    - Intra State Facts
      - North
        
        No direct passage between Rajasthan and Maharashtra
        
        Ladakh is connected to Himachal Pradesh (not Punjab)
        
        Punjab joins Jammu & Kashmir via Pathankot
        
        Punjab has direct connection with Rajasthan
        
        Punjab and Rajasthan are connected directly and have an international border with Pakistan
        
        There is Indira Gandhi canal between Punjab & Rajasthan
        
        Haryana has no international border and is not connected to Uttrakhand directly
        
        Boundary between Haryana and UP is Yamuna River
        
        Imp : Haryana and Uttarakhand have no boundaries
        
        Imp : Himachal & UP are Connected
        
        Paonta Sahib
        
        is an important pilgrimage site for Sikhs
        
        the place where yamuna river enters Himachal Pradesh here
      - South
        
        Kerala has boundaries with Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
        
        Tamil Nadu has boundaries with Kerela, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
        
        There is no border between Telangana and Odisha
        
        Karnataka has boundary with allmost all southern states
        
        There is a direct border between Andhra Pradesh and Chattisgarh
        
        There is NO border between Telangana & Orissa
        
        AP has border with Puducherry throug Yanam
      - East
        
        There is a border between Uttar Pradesh and Chattisgarh
        
        But No Border between MP & Jharkhand
        
        But No Border between MP & Bihar
        
        No border between Chattisgarh and Bihar
      - Northeast
        
        Sikkim has border only with West Bengal
        
        To Go to North East, West Bengal is a must. Here it is Siliguri Corridor, which is called as the Chicken Neck of Indian Physiography
        
        Assam has a border with Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya
        
        Remeber States of North East
        
        Central is Assam - Plain Area
        
        North Part - Brahmputra Plains
        
        Souther Part - Barak Plain
        
        North of Assam - Arunachal Pradesh
        
        South of Arunachal Pradesh - Naga Hill - Naga Land
        
        South of Naga Land - Manipur Hills - Manipur
        
        South of Manipur - Mizo Hills - Mizoram
        
        Beside Mizoram - Triputa Hills - Tripura
        
        North of Tripura is Meghalaya
        
        Megahalaya has border only with Assam
      - State which has border with only one state
        
        Meghalaya
        
        Sikkim
    - States having international borders
    - Capitals of all the states
Mountain, Plateaus, Island, Rivers
Environment - Wetlands, NP, TR, BR, Ramsar Sites, etc
Transportation, resources, etc
Current related locations from India's perspective
Tribes of India through Map, etc

Asian Continent - Political
1. Regions
  1. West Asia/Middle East
  2. Central Asia
  3. South Asia
  4. South-East Asia
2. Oceans
- The Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea - Boundary between Asia and Europe
- Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea; the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman; Bay of Bengal; Andaman Sea - on the eastern side of the Andaman Islands, Gulf of Thailand; South and the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan and East Sea, Bering Sea
West Asia
- Not in West Asia - Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan
- Countries - Turkey and Iran; Yemen and Oman; Saudi Arabia,
- Cyprus - It is a member of the EU; geographically located on the continental shelf of Asia; in the UN it sits in the Asia-pacific group
- Ankara is the capital of Turkey; Turkey is both in Europe and Asia
- The Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara (connected with the Black Sea) - separate European Turkey and Asian Turkey; Istanbul (earlier Constantinople - silk trade used to pass through) is in European Turkey; the largest city of entire Europe
Iran - capital is Tehran; waterbodies - Caspian, Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf
Persian Gulf - Iran on North; Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia (also access to the Red Sea),
No country in West Asia is landlocked
UAE (Capital - Abu Dhabi) is between Saudi Arabia and Oman (Muscat)
Houthi rebels in Yemen and the civil war is going on
Qatar (Doha) - It is a peninsula; with only a border with Saudi Arabia
Bahrain - It is an island
Riyadh is in the middle of Saudi Arabia; Mecca and Medina are in Saudi Arabia; Monarchy still prevails there
The capitals of these countries are important
Oman has a coast in the Persian Gulf
Gulf of Oman - Oman and UAE
Gulf of Aden - Yemen, Somalia, Djiboutii
Red Sea - Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Jordan
Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt - two ports Aqaba - Jordon; Elat - Israel)
Jordan (Amman) - has a cost in the Gulf of Aqaba; the Jordon River marks the border between Jordan and Israel; It enters and drains into the dead sea (the lowest point on the continent of the earth)
Israel - the land of Jews; Jerusalem is capital
Palestine - West Bank (west bank of Jordon river) and Gaza
Lebanon (Beirut is the capital)
Syria - Damascus is the capital of Syria
Golan Heights - occupied by Israel in 1967 during 6 days of the war; junction of Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon
Shia countries - Iran, Iraq and Bahrain and Lebanon; ruler of Syria ie Assad but people are Sunni
Sunni - Saudi Arabia
Kurdistan - Border area of Turkey, Iraq and Syria; tribal people who live here are Kurds
GCC - Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman are part of it; Iran and Iraq are not part of it

Central Asia: (3:14 PM)

5 Central Asian Countries - Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan
Afghanistan is not traditionally part of Central Asia
India has a border with Afghanistan in Wakhan Corridor
All are landlocked countries except Turkmenistan and Kazakstan
Uzbekistan is doubly landlocked - surrounded by all landlocked country
Capitals:
Kazakstan - Noor Sultan
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek (Pamir Knot, Bisket Declaration for Snowleopard Conservation)
Uzbekistan - Tashkent
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat

South Asia: (3:34 PM)

They are called SAARC Countries
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Maldives
Try to refer to the capitals of these countries

South-East Asia: (3:37 PM)

It has 10 countries that are members of the ASEAN
5 countries for the mainland - Myanmar, Thailand (maritime boundary with India in the Andaman Sea), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia; also known as Indo-China
5 Island countries - Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines
This region has maximum Archipelago due to Ocean Ocean Convergent boundaries
Coco Islands - Myanmar has a maritime boundary with India
Thailand - Bangkok (Bangkok Declaration - ASEAN was established through this declaration)
Laos - Vientiane is the capital
Cambodia - is famous for its Angkorvat Temple; Phon Penh is the capital
Vietnam - Hanoi is the capital
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur is the capital; Islamic majority country
Singapore - Island; is the world's busiest port
Indonesia - Sumatra, Java; Jakarta is the capital and is in Java; now the capital is being shifted; It has the highest Islamic population in the world
Brunie - Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital
The Philippines - Manila is the capital; it has 3 important regions ie Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Note: East Timor is part of Asia but not part of ASEAN

Topics for the next class: Continuation of World Mapping, etc