Internal Security

Basic Terms - Online

1. Extremism

   is a very broad term that covers- terrorism, Naxalism, insurgency, militancy, etc

   • Linkages between development and spread of Naxalism
     1. Development has a meaning of positive connotation. Today we experience expanded meaning of development from Roti Kapda Makaan to social infrastructure, internet, clean and safe drinking, etc
     2. Extremism - is a negative term
   • The solution to the issue of extremism
     1. The first school of thought
        1. Wherever there has been under-development, then there breeds extremism
        2. Where the standard of living is high, extremism is contained
        3. There can be development-induced displacement
        4. So, we need more development in these regions.
     2. Another school of thought
        1. To curb extremism, we need strong law and order.

2. Terrorism

   the idea is to create terror in the minds of people. Generally, it's not targeted against a community. They just want to grab the eyeballs of the people

   It is an act of violence. The people who kill are not the actual target

   It does not distinguish between security personnel and civilians

3. Insurgency

   It is an act of internal armed rebellion. The idea is to throw the established state and install their own government

   Their target is not civilians but security personnel

4. Militancy

   in the context of Kashmir we use the term. Rebels are sourced from outside.

Left-Wing Extremism - Refer Offline Notes

• Introduction to Left Wing Extremism

  1. The concept emerged in French Revolution

  2. Industrial Revolution - in the 19 century, a section of society wanted to remove capitalism

  3. Karl Marx wrote Fallacies of capitalism.

     1. He wrote very extensively about communism
     2. He said that there are 2 classes in society- have and have nots. There should be a revolution that should form a classless society
     3. Communist society is the ideal society
     4. He inspired the Russian Revolution.
     5. Charu Mazumdar- CPI Marxist

  4. Mao Zedong - revolution through the barrel of a gun. This led to the Chinese revolution

     1. He wanted an armed revolution inspired by the left-wing.
     2. This philosophy of Mao is called Maoism.

  5. Point of View

     There should be no revolution but by democratic ways

  6. Origin of Naxalism

     1. The word Naxal is derived from the word Naxalbari
     2. The peasants were exploited by the zamindars and moneylenders
     3. Some peasants were beaten by the goons of zamindars
     4. Naxalbari became the flashpoint of violence
     5. It was named as Naxalbari revolution. It was started in May 1967
     6. It primarily started as an agrarian movement
     7. In 2009, the area impacted by Naxalism is known as Red Corridor
     8. One minister that area stretches from Tirupati to Pashupati
     9. There have been many attacks - Dantewada (Chinatanal Massacre)
     10. The term Naxalism/ Maoism/ Left Wing Extremism is used interchangeably
     11. They want to overthrow the state and want to establish a new social order
     12. Other local leaders- Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal
• Breeding grounds of Left Wing Extremism
  1. Under-development
  2. Tribals
  3. Resources
  4. Refer Naxalbari movement from the handout.
• Causes for Rise of Naxalism
  1. Land related factors/ issues- development induced displacement
  2. Forced evictions, tribal forest dwellers, Forest Conservation Act, 1980 and Forest Right Act, 2006
  3. Non-implementation/poor implementation of constitutional and legal measures- Schedule V → which says that Governor would establish Tribal Advisory Council.
  4. It is under Article 244
  5. The transfer of land from tribals to non-tribals should be transparent
  6. Issues in PESA, 1996 and FRA 2006
  7. One of the major reasons is the vacuum in governance. These areas have not been developed by the government- exploitation at the hands of SFD, police
  8. Denial of social justice
  9. External factors like Nepal and China- they provide the funding- vested interests- illegal mining activities by the Mafia
  10. Now, the issue is not only of law and order but a very deep issue.
• Phases of Naxal Violence
  • Phase I (1967-71)
    1. It started as an agrarian crisis. It was prominent in rural areas
    2. Urban Naxalism- by its nature Naxalism is not an urban problem. It started in Kolkata
    3. Steady growth- we also witness the growth of CPI (M-L)
    4. Charu Mazumdar died which led to the formation of smaller splinter groups
    5. This was the end of the era
  • Phase II (1980- 2004)
    1. This was a phase of consolidation of Naxalism in India
    2. Peoples War Group - AP
    3. Maoist Communism Center- Bihar
  • Phase III Post 2004
    1. PWC+MCC and other smaller groups merged together to form CPI (Maoist)
• Strategy / State’s approach to combat Naxalism
  • Law and Order
    1. Umbrella scheme- modernization of police forces.
    2. Reduction of trust deficit
    3. Special anti-Naxal forces- CRPF (CoBRA), Andhra Pradesh (Greyhounds), Chattisgarh (Black Panther)
    4. Integrated Command for Central Command and Police Forces. Eg- CG, JK, and ODDrone technology
    5. Surrender cum rehabilitation policy
    6. SAMADHAN doctrine of MHA
    7. Salwa Judum- The civilians started using their own vigilante to fight Naxalism.
  • Developmental measures
    1. Nai Roshni scheme
    2. Eklavya schools- residential schools so that the students are not required to travel, hence saving lives
    3. Choo Lo Aasman by the Chattisgarh government- to provide education, coaching
    4. Legal steps- FRA 2006- to give guarantee over forest produce to the tribals
    5. Relief and rehabilitation policy of 2007
    6. The backward region grant fronts are now replaced by the Aspirational Districts Program of Niti Aayog
    7. Integrated Action Plan- DM, SP, District Forest Officer- to bring convergence in the developmental efforts. The gap will be fulfilled with special assistance
    8. Rural Road Programme I and II
    9. MGNREGA
• Critique of the State approach
  1. The states treat Naxalism as a problem of the center- states have shown a casual approach
  2. Lack of coordination between states- eg Andhra Pradesh has put in more efforts
  3. Lack of coordination between police and civil administration
  4. The strategy of clear-hold- develop
  5. Overdependence on the center
  6. The backwardness of these areas- development has not taken place at the expected pace.
• Andhra Pradesh model of Combating Naxalism
  1. Adopting 3-dimensional strategy- social, economic, and political measures
  2. The government abolished the patwari system
  3. Focused on providing basic services
  4. So this increased alienation of people with the government.
• Way forward
  1. Implementation of PESA, FRA
  2. Capacity building of local police forces
  3. Training and re-orientation of CAPF personnel
  4. Curbing the funding of Naxalite- the taxes which they impose on people should be stopped, cannabis cultivation.

North Eastern Insurgency - Notes Online

Insurgency in NE India

• Naga Insurgency

  Introduction

  1. It is said to be the doyen of insurgency

  2. It was formed as a state in 1963 from Assam

  3. Naga wanted to establish their own state after independence

  4. Since 1946, the government tried to talk with A.Z. Phizo was head of Naga National Council (formal Naga Club)

     A Z Phizo was father of Insurgency in North East

     Naga Club Participated in Second Round Table Conference

     Nagas are collection of Tribes

  5. On 14 August 1947, the Nagas declared themselves independent. In 1951 a plebiscite was conducted in which almost 99% of Naga people voted for Naga Independence.

     Nagas Boycotted 1951/52 Election in India

     They formed their own Army & Parallel Govt was formed by them

     in 1958 - AFSPA was Implemented

  6. Article 371 A- separate provisions for Nagaland provided in

  7. 1975 - Shillong Accord between

  8. NSCN - Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland

     1. NSCN (K) - NSCN Khaplang → Never Ready to come to table
     2. NSCN (I-M) - NSCN Isak Muivah → had better communication with the government

  Demands

  1. Naga wants a Naga Constitution

  2. They want a Naga Flag

  3. Inclusion of some areas/dist of Assam, Manipur, Myanmar

  4. In 2015 Indian government signed a Naga Peace Accord was signed

     However, not much success was achieved because RN Ravi (Former RAW & IB Chief) who was appointed as governor of Nagaland to make arrangements for the peace talks in 2019 crossed the deadline (October 2019)

  Issues

  1. Absolute Pathetic Connectivity
  2. Forcing Administrators to give tenders to their people
  3. Insurgents have become organised criminals
  4. They have parallel army
  5. It is having ripple effects on other states of North East

  Solutions

  1. Economic growth, infrastructure, employment, etc

• Mizo Insurgency

  1. In the 1960s, it emerged, there was a major famine called Mautam Famine
  2. In this background, Mizo National Front was formed to provide relief - Started with Relief & Rehabilitation Work
  3. Mizo National Group was formed lead by Lal Denga
  4. 1986 - Mizo Accord was signed between India and Mizo National Front
  5. Lal Denga became first CM Of Mizoram
  6. In 1987, Mizoram was given full statehood
  7. Lal Denga the leader of MNG became the CM of Mizoram

• Manipur Insurgency

  1. A large number of ethnic groups in Manipur, who have made their own Insurgent Groups and they are fighting amongst themselves. There are more than 40 groups
  2. Biggest Reason for Insurgency here - Naga Insurgency
  3. Meities - prominent tribe, dominant tribe, they adopted vaishnavism
  4. Hill (Kukis & Naga) & Valley (Meities) Tribes are in fight with each other
  5. Not much of a asking for sovereignty problem
  6. High Handedness of AFSPA and Security Forces

• Tripura Insurgency

  1. It was a tribal state but as a result of the influx of illegal migrants, the demography changed. It slowly changed into a bengali speaking state
  2. A situation of identity crisis became prominent for the natives and tribals of tripura
  3. Insurgent Groups formed are
     1. ATTF - All Tripura Tiger Force
     2. TNV - Tripura National Volunteers
  4. In 2015, Tripura became the first state where AFSPA was revoked

• Assam Insurgency

  Two prominent insurgencies

  1. ULFA 1979 (United Liberation Front of Asom)
     1. In the 1960s - All Assam Student Unions started the anti-alien movement primarily against migrants and native identity crisis
     2. ULFA wanted a sovereign state & rights of native people
     3. They say that there is a difference between Assam and the rest of India's history- the Ahom Kingdom (Ahom Dynasty)
     4. In 1985 - Assam Accord was signed
     5. Add the Role of AASU
  2. Bodo Insurgency
     1. All Bodo Student Union was formed - wanted more opportunities for Bodos. Ultimately, they started asking for the creation of Bodoland (carved out from Assam) within India
     2. They were facing an identity crisis
     3. The National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) was formed
     4. Bodo Liberation Tiger was also formed
     5. Currently, under Schedule VI of the constitution, Bodoland Autonomous Territory was formed which is governed by Bodoland Autonomous Territorial Council.

• Meghalaya - Offline Notes

• Arunachal Pradesh - Offline

All States have spillover effect of violence in whole of North East

Causes for North Eastern Insurgency

• General Causes

  1. Historical Factors

     Britishers followed the policy of non-interference in India

  2. Geographical Factors

     Terrain and topography (hilly) - Hence Easy Guerilla Warfare

     Physical Connectivity is also less from India and within North East - Connected through Chicken Neck Corridor or Siliguri Corridor or only 25 KM Long

  3. Porous Borders

     training camps of insurgent groups are in bordering countries. It leads to issues of coordination between the countries.

  4. External Factors

     the role of China as an External State Actor

  5. Demographic Factor

     1. Illegal migration
     2. Culture of violence

  6. Economic Factors

     lack of physical infrastructure, severe unemployment

  7. Psychological Factor

     Isolated - Physical as well as psychological

     Elected CM of North East stopped at Delhi Airport

  8. Political Factors

     c Schedule VI is limited

     creation of ad-hoc states (states were created as and when there was demand)

  9. Administrative Causes

     Corruption, funds are going to insurgent groups etc

Money Laundering

• Introduction to Money Laundering and Hawala

  

  1. Introduction

     1. The money which is not unaccounted for. The money on which tax is evaded
     2. Black money- money that is not accounted for

  2. 2 sources for Generating Black Money

     1. Criminal Activities (dirty money)

        The dirty money needs to be converted into clean money

     2. Legally earned but not declared to the government

  3. Definition

     As per Interpol, any act or attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds, so that appeared to have originated from legitimate sources is called money laundering

  4. Twin objectives of money laundering

     1. It is to conceal the source of the money
     2. To ensure that money gets converted into a form so that it can be enjoyed by the person who has earned it

  5. Hawala Transactions

     1. It is a parallel remittance system
     2. Money is moved from one place to another without the formal banking system
     3. The system is based on trust

• Process/Steps of Money Laundering

  • Placement Riskiest stage as a large amount of money is brought into the formal financial system through smurfing or structuring deposits, currency exchange, real estate assets, luxury items
  • Layering Taking money through multiple layers and hence become impossible to detect from where money has come for; For example Hawala Transactions
  • Integration Creation of shell companies for integration through countries like the Maldives, etc where corporate secrecy laws are strict; For example Panama Papers, etc

• Definition of Money Laundering

  

  Washing of the money that has been earned through illegal sources and subsequently mixing it up with legitimate funds in such a way that original source is concealed and it appears to have earned through legal sources.

  As per Interpol: Any act or attempted act to conceal or disguise the identity of illegally obtained proceeds, so that appeared to have originated from legitimate sources.

• Objectives of Money Laundering

  

  • To enjoy money and to save from tax authorities
  • To hide the criminal activities

• Impact of Money Laundering

  1. Economic Impact

     1. Increases Inflation
     2. Loss of tax revenue and fixing the policy rates
     3. It can severely dent the reputation of the financial institutions of the country
     4. Exposes the financial system and can have volatility in exchange rates
     5. It can deter foreign investment and destroy level playing field

  2. Social Impacts of Money Laundering

     1. It can raise inequality in the society

     2. Degradation of moral values and fabric of the society

     3. It legitimises criminal activity in society such as drug trafficking, etc

        It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white unless it catches the mics

  3. Political Impact

     1. It promotes corruption
     2. leads to the criminalisation of politics
     3. It increases the role of money power in elections
     4. Promotes the activity of terrorism
     5. lead to instability in politics through defection

• Steps were taken to counter Money Laundering

  1. India

     1. IT Act → Income Tax, 1961

     2. NDPS Act → Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control Act, 1985

        Predicate Offence - Crime Done via the Laundering Money

        To Prove the wrong work done by money laundering

     3. Benami Transactions Act, 1988

     4. Foreign Exchange Management Act, 2000

     5. Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 *

        1. Defined Money Laundering

        2. All the banks in India to have Compliance Officer, Detailed Record of all transactions and customers

           Many banks have compliance officers to ensure that anti-money laundering regulations are observed.

        3. Mandatory KYC Norms for customers

        4. Penalties for institutions who don't observe money laundering prevention actions

     6. Creation of Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU)

  2. Global

     1. Setting up of Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

        Taking actions against erring countries, providing technical support

        Pakistan is in grey list of FATF

        India Earlier Observer, now full fledged member

        Started by G7 Members

        learn from each other experiences, sharing best practises

     2. United Nations global program for combating money laundering

     3. United nations convention on Transnational organized crime

     4. BASEL statement of principles by

     5. International convention for the suppression of the financing of terrorism

• Challenges in fighting Money Laundering:

  1. Growth of technology such as cryptocurrencies
  2. Lack of awareness about the problems money laundering possess to the country
  3. Non-Fulfilment of KYC Norms, Lack of Compliance of Banks
  4. Lack of comprehensive approach - Anti Money Laundering Legislation in 2002 (so late)
  5. Indian Conviction Rate one of the lowest. Not able to prove the conviction

• Way Forward

  1. Awareness Creation
  2. Sensitisation of public and government officials
  3. The signing of bilateral agreements to improve knowledge sharing with multiple countries
  4. Strengthening up of International Organisations
  5. India should strive to implement FATF recommendations on a priority basis

Organised Crime

• Introduction

  1. It is any criminal activity performed in a very well planned and professional manner with the objective to earning money or monetary benefit
  2. For Example : Drug trafficking, human trafficking, trade-in illicit items, contract killing, abductions, gun running, smuggling, money laundering etc
  3. It is performed by an entity/organisation in a corporate manner - performs crime as business
  4. Examples :
     1. D Company - Dawood Ibrahim Company
     2. CRIPS - African American Company

• Definition of Organised Crime (as per MCOCA)

  MCOCA - Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act

  KCOCA - Kerala Control of Organised Crime Act

  Gujarat Rule

  It is pursuance of criminal activity as a business

  As Per Law : It is any continuing unlawful activity by an individual singly or jointly, either as a member of organized crime or on behalf of such group by use of violence or the threat of violence or intimidation or coercion or other unlawful means with the objective of gaining monetary benefits or gaining undue economic or other undue advantage for himself or any person is termed as organised

• Examples of Organised Crimes

  

• Scale of Organised Crime

  

• Scale of Organized Crime in Various Nations

  

• Characteristics of Organised Criminal Groups (OCGs)

  1. Hierarchical in nature
  2. Use of Violence
  3. Division of work
  4. Strict membership criteria
  5. Continuity - exist beyond the lifetime of members

• Structure of Organised Crimes

  

• Characteristics of OCGS

  1. Use of Criminal and Violent Means
  2. They both have division of labor or division of work on specialisation
  3. there is a strict membership criteria. once you become a member, there is no way out
  4. There is an element of continuity in these groups

• Threats from OCG

  1. Organized crime groups affect the development at the national level by interfering in and influencing the working of the government and private businesses

  2. Organized crime groups influence the government and the private sector through bribery

  3. Drugs increase the chances of an unstable society and insurgency

     They are now acting as a Force Multiplier

  4. Linkages to terrorist groups are threatening the national security

  5. Destroy the demographic dividend

• Organised Criminal Groups (OCGs) and Terror Groups (TGs)

  • Similarities

    1. Both are criminal in the eyes of the laws
    2. The both use violent means

  • Differences

    | Themes | Terror Groups | Organised Criminal Groups | | --- | --- | --- | | Objective | Political | Monetary | | Extent of Violence | Extreme Violent Means | Less Violent Means | | Relationship with the State | Antagonistic with the State, To Create Chaos, Against State | indifferent attitude/parallel system towards the state | | Media Attention | Seeking Media Attention | Avoid Media Attention |

  • Linkages between OCG & TG - 3C’s

    

    1. Co-Existence

       They coexist without any significant inter-linkage with each other

    2. Co-Operation

       Can develop a symbiotic relationship between each other

       OCGs Help Terror Group:

       In terms of Logistics Support, Arms & Ammunitions, funding, Trafficking Routes

       Example : Madrid Attack 2004 by Al Qaeda. They got help from Eastern European Organised Criminal Group

       Example : Mumbai Blast in 1993 by Lashkar E Taiba, helped by D Company

       Terror Groups help OCGs:

       1. Arms training, protection, funding

    3. Confluence

       It performs functions meant for each other

       For Example : Taliban in the drug trade and ISIS in the oil trade

  • Linkages between OCG & TG

    1. Organized crime groups have helped terrorist organizations by providing finances, recruiting new members and through arms and ammunition trafficking via their well-established channels
    2. There is evidence of organized crime influencing governments, such as that of Pakistan, to help the terrorist groups survive
    3. Led to communal tensions, violence and international conflicts due to the religious bent of some of these organizations, etc

  • Reasons for growing proximity between OCG & TG

    1. Forces of Globalization

    2. Spread of Technology

    3. The global war on Terror by US

    4. Mutual benefits

       Taliban Involved in Opium Trade

       ISIS Involved in Black Marketing of Oil

• Examples of linkages Between OCG’s & TG’s in India

  1. Naxal Affected Area

     1. Naxal groups are involved in threatening public officials so that these public official would award contracts to different criminal groups

     2. Illegal mining of organized criminal groups under the protection of Naxalites

        Naxal Group provide patronage to Naxal Groups

     3. Cannabis cultivation in Naxal Affected Areas

     4. Naxals impose an extortion fee called a levy. They themselves have started being involved in

     5. Naxals involved in illegal logging and lumbering activities

  2. North-East India - Insurgency Ridden Areas

     • Narcotrafficking, Trafficking in human beings and wildlife

     • Terror groups are involved in extortion, bribe giving, and abduction

     • Terror groups help the Organised groups to move to and fro between India and Myanmar

     • Report by MHA and Standing Committee on Security Situation in North East

       No of Insurgents after surrendering are now involved in Organised crimes

  3. Kashmir

     • External state sponsorship of militancy and hence the dependence on organized crime for funds in minimal - like by ISI of Pakistan

     • Terror or militant groups transport fake Indian currency notes from Pakistan to India

     • Drug trafficking across the border and the issue of stone-pelting by OCG for TG & Militants

     • OGW’s - Over the Ground Workers help the terror groups covertly but overtly they are helping militancy

       Example : Jamat Ud Dawa

• Challenges that exist with respect to Organised Criminal Groups

  1. Inadequate Legal Framework

     Provisions of IPC are inadequate in dealing with OCG

     IPC doesn't define Organized Criminal Activities

     Only handful states in India have enacted laws to specifically tackle organised crimes

     MCOCA of Mah & Kerala = IPC 34 of Group Activity

     Becomes difficult to establish criminal liability

     Centre should enact a model legislation for states

  2. Weak Enforcement Agencies

     High time to end the fragmented approach for organised crimes

     lack of cooperation between countries - extradition laws & treaties

     Ex : Abu Salem in Portugal, Dawood in Dubai

  3. Difficulty in Obtaining Proof

     Leaders aren't caught but the foot soldiers are

  4. Nexus between organized criminals, politicians, etc

     Some Organised Criminals are politicians and campaign funders themselves

  5. Growth in technology is needed

  The outlook to deal with organized crime and organized criminal groups should be national and not regional. it is because many organized groups are transnational in nature.

Cyber Security

• Introduction to Cyber Security (In lieu of IT Act)

  As per the IT Act, 2000: Cyber security is defined as the protection of information/data computer systems, devices, networks, and the information and data stored in these devices from unauthorized access, use, destruction, disruption, or modification

• Importance of Cyber Security for India

  Economic Importance

  1. we are becoming a digital economy

  For Example : we are becoming the leaders of the Fintech revolution in the world

  Governance

  1. we have taken many governance-related projects in India under the e-governance initiative
  2. For example, Aadhaar Database, the Smart Cities program, initiatives under the national e-Governance program, etc.

  Security

  1. Collection of intelligence through the internet

  Demography

  1. Third largest internet users in the world
  2. Third largest smartphone users in the world

• Cyber Threats that India as a nation is exposed to

  • Cyber Crimes

    1. It refers to a crime committed with the help of cyber security or in cyberspace
    2. Examples
       1. Phishing Scams
       2. Cyber Stalking
          1. has been defined in section 354D of IPC
          2. It also includes crimes like hacking, identity theft, child pornography
       3. Bulli Bai App
       4. Sending Message to Girl if she doesn't respond
       5. Identity Theft
       6. Child Pronography

  • Cyber Terrorism

    1. Section 66F of IT Act, 2000 defines cyber-terrorism.

    2. When cyberspace is used to commit activities that have the potential to disrupt the sovereignty and integrity of India or the security of that state or with the intention of creating terror in minds of people

       It will be termed as an act of cyber terrorism

    3. For Example : the Muzaffarnagar riots, 2013 due to doctored videos shared through the internet

    4. Cyberspace has been used by many terror groups to raise funds, recruit, plan, and coordinate terror attacks, spreading propaganda

       Example : Attack on Power Grid in Mumbai

  • Cyber Warfare

    1. Warfare in cyberspace is Cyber Warfare. Air Land Sea was conventional. then space, now cyber.
    2. The cyberwar initiated by one nation on the other where the attempt is to cause damage to the critical infrastructure of the other nation
    3. For Example : The Stuxnet virus was infested(by USA and Israel) in the Iranian nuclear program to disrupt it
    4. For Example : Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust's website was infected with a virus (by china)
    5. For Example : In 2013, there was an attack on the DRDO website originated from Alegria
    6. For Example : China has raised an army of Cyber Warriors
    7. For Example : The exodus of North-East Indians from Bangalore in 2012 on the basis of morphed videos that are alleged to have originated from Pakistan

• The Cyber Security Architecture in India

  • Institutional Measures

    1. CERT-In to provide a response for cyber threats that take place

       CERT - Computer Emergency Response Team

    2. Sectoral CERTs

       For Example :

       For the financial sector → Financial CERT

       For power sector → power CERT.

    3. NCIIPC: To provide protection to the critical information infrastructure of the country

       NCIIPC : National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre

       Critical information infrastructure is that information infrastructure upon which the well-being of India's critical infrastructure is dependent

    4. NC4 : The National Cyber crime Coordination center is the apex authority under the leadership of the National Security Provider

    5. Special Cybercrime Cells are set up by various state police departments.

    6. Cyber Swachata Kendra: Malware analysis and botnet cleaning center

  • Legal and Policy Measures

    1. National Cyber Security Policy of 2013

       1. The policy lays down the priority areas for the various law and order agencies and various enforcement agencies

          But how ? not clear !

       2. Greater role of private sector

       3. within five years three lakh persons have to be trained

    2. IT Act of 2000 and the Subsequent Amendments

       Refer Value Added Material for Cyber Security only of Vision IAS

       Introduction

       1. Amendments were introduced to the IT Act in 2008
       2. Section 66F which talks about cyber terrorism was included in 2008
       3. Identity Theft was also included in 2008 in section 66D
       4. Draft Data Protection Bill on the basis of the recommendation provided by the committee that is BN Sri Krishna Committee

       Limitations of the IT Act, 2000

       1. The vagueness of Section 69 of the Act relates to the liability of intermediaries

       2. There are inadequate checks and balances over the enforcement of various provisions under the act

          For Example: Section 66A of the IT Act - have been termed unconstitutional by supreme court

          Shreya Singhal v/s UoI - Violated Art 19(1)(a)

       3. Some provisions in the IT Act allow the state to decrypt and monitor the information of citizen can be considered as a violation of the privacy of the citizens

    • Challenges pertaining to ensuring cyber security in India
      • General Points
        1. Lack of awareness among citizens about cyber security measures
        • More than 80% of Indian CEOs do not consider cyber security as crucial to their companies' growth as a result many of them fail to pay attention, time to cyber security.
        • Shortage of trained workforce and trained professionals.
        • Shortage of funds allocated by various governments and departments towards cyber security.
        • Lack of coordination between various agencies.
        • over-dependence on imported telecom equipment.
        • More than 70% o the telecom equipment in India is imported.
        • Absence of comprehensive Data Protection aw.
      • Budapest Convention
        • Proposed in 2001 by western countries and came into effect in 2004.
        • It serves as a guideline for any country developing comprehensive national legislation against Cybercrime and as a framework for international cooperation between state parties to this treaty.
        • India has not signed the convention.
        • Also lays down specific standards that are to be enforced for cybersecurity around the world.
        • Technology and resources sharing to curb cybersecurity threat
      • Reasons why India has not joined Budapest Convention
        • This convention is not universal and applicable only for member countries
        • India was not involved in consultation during the framing stage
        • Highly biased towards the western world
        • Seen as a mode to sell expensive technologies by west
        • Sovereignty issues
      • Arguments in favor of India joining the Convention
        • India can influence the future of the treaty by becoming its member
        • Access to the latest and cheap technology as India will be designated as a priority country.
        • Formulate comprehensive data protection act, so now apprehensions left regarding concern over data sovereignty

• Challenges pertaining to ensuring cyber security in India

  1. Lack of awareness among citizens about cyber security measures

     More than 80% of Indian CEOs do not consider cyber security as crucial to their companies' growth as a result many of them fail to pay attention, time to cyber security

  2. Shortage of trained workforce and trained professionals

  3. Shortage of funds allocated by various governments and departments towards cyber security.

  4. Lack of coordination between various agencies

  5. Over-dependence on imported telecom equipments

     More than 70% of the telecom equipment in India is imported. There is always risk of foreign malice from these equipments

  6. Absence of comprehensive Data Protection Law

• Budapest Convention on Cyber Security

  Introduction

  1. Proposed in 2001 by western countries and came into effect in 2004
  2. It serves as a guideline for any country developing comprehensive national legislation against Cybercrime and as a framework for international cooperation between state parties to this treaty
  3. India has not signed the convention
  4. Also lays down specific standards that are to be enforced for cybersecurity around the world
  5. Technology and resources sharing to curb cybersecurity threat

  Reasons why India has not Joined:

  1. This convention is not universal and applicable only for member countries
  2. India was not involved in consultation during the framing stage
  3. Highly biased towards the western world
  4. Seen as a mode to sell expensive technologies by west
  5. Sovereignty issues

  Arguments in favor of India joining the Convention

  1. India can influence the future of the treaty by becoming its member
  2. Access to the latest and cheap technology as India will be designated as a priority country
  3. Formulate comprehensive data protection act, so now apprehensions left regarding concern over data sovereignty

• Recommendations of Gulshan Rai Committee and Inderjeet Rao Committee

  1. Creation of Cybercrimes cell in each state and district
  2. Appropriate certification for the adoption of best practices
  3. More research and development is required
  4. Also, train manpower to enhance the capacity
  5. Internet servers should be hosted within the country
  6. Regular and consistent changes should be brought in the IT Act and other legislation to tackle cyber threat
  7. A separate agency should be created to deal with the data breaches
  8. Stringent penalty provisions should be placed to deter individuals and agencies from misusing private data

Social Media (Completely from Handout)

• Role of Social media in India's internal security

  Social Media in recent times has become synonymous with Social Networking sites such as FaceBook or MicroBlogging sites such as Twitter. However, very broadly social media can be defined as any web or mobile-based platform that enables an individual or agency to communicate interactively and enables the exchange of user-generated content

• From the perspective of the governments, the following represent some of the reasons for using social media:

  • seeking feedback and input from the citizens
  • Enhanced outreach
  • Real-time engagements
  • Managing perception

• Challenges created due to Social Media

  • Fake news and hate messages
  • National security concerns
  • Pornography and Obscenity
  • Identity theft
  • Cyber Bullying and Harassment
  • Snooping and misuse of online data

• It is difficult to overcome these challenges as

  • Huge and expanding number of users
  • Ineffectiveness of censorship on content and its impact on freedom of citizens.
  • Difficulty in prosecution and tracking of crime due to jurisdiction problems and anonymity offered by the internet • Lack of Geographical Boundaries makes social media regulation an arduous task.
  • Lack of digital literacy amongst people.
  • AI is still in the early stages of development and cannot be used to regulate the sector.

• Way forward

  • Responsible use of social media must be taught by increasing digital literacy.
  • Joint steps by government and social media platforms must be taken like the recent steps by Facebook to spread awareness w.r.t responsible use of social media.
  • Strengthening of Cyber security organizations and IT cells of law enforcement agencies.
  • International consensus w.r.t easier Extradition and prosecution of Cybercriminals.
  • Data protection and privacy must be enhanced.

• Challenges in regulation

  • Freedom of speech issues
  • Lack of technical know-how
  • Liability of intermediaries
  • Jurisdictional challenges
  • Social media is just a medium
  • May result in over-regulation

• Recommendations

  • Institutionalize the blueprint for a National Social Media Policy
  • Implement and institutionalize the Framework of Guidelines on social media engagement
  • Create awareness of the challenges posed by social media
  • Create organizational ecosystems, circumvent hierarchies, encourage outreach
  • Empower agencies, build talent, and use specialists
  • Replicate “Social Media Labs” across the country
  • Demarcate budgets, standardize tools and platforms
  • Expand and define the scope of public-private partnerships

Media

• Role of Media in creating challenges to Internal Security Issues

  1. Sensationalization of national security issues → Leads to Hasty Decision Making

  2. Coverage of Anti-Terror operations in sensational manner

     For Example → 26/11 attacks

  3. Irresponsible coverage of communal conflicts

  4. Reporting of sub-judice issues

  5. media trials → hyper investigative, over enthusiastic

  6. Paid News

  7. Irresponsible coverage of victims of terror attacks

• Positive Role Played by the media

  1. Busting fake lies from TG and Countries

     Eg : Kargil War (Proved that Pakistan National Army was involved in Kargil War)

  2. Building a rapport in international communities

     8 Aug, 1999 → Patrol Plane of Pak Navy lost its way into Indian Air Space. It was a genuine mistake of pak, but India shot it down.

     Pak challenged this action of India in ICJ

  3. In dousing communal fire by improving trust deficit

     some have helped in creating bonhomie between communities

  4. Busting propaganda and lies spread by extremists

  5. Self Regulating Mechanisms by Media itself

     Press Council of India

     National Broadcaster Authority

     Bureau of Editors

• Best practices of media regulation around the world

  1. In the United Kingdom, the BBC has exemplary guidelines for terror, war, and emergency
  2. The United States America's "Patriot Act" Instituted after the 9/11 attacks give overriding powers to the government over media agencies
  3. Canada has laid down a code of ethics for radio and television channels

Various security agencies and their mandate - (Behind Handout of Social Media)

• The Forces

  Mandate

  Art 355 - Resp of Union to protect state against external aggression and internal disturbance

  All are under MoHA

  1. Enforcement Agencies
     • 1. Central Armed Police Force (CAPF)

       Basic Details

       1. Border Guarding Forces - ITBP, SSB, BSF

          1. Indo Tibetan Border Police

             ITBP was created as a force for guarding force with Tibet

          2. Border Security Force

             BSF for Pakistan (started with), Bangladesh and Myanmar

          3. Sashastra Seema Bal

             SSB guards border with Nepal and Bhutan

       2. Non-Border Guarding Forces - CRPF, CISF, NSGs

          1. Central India Security Force

             provides security to India's public sector undertakings along with Airport, Delhi Metro, monuments

          2. National Security Guard

             For counter-terrorist organisations, etc

       Issues related to CAPF in India

       • Human resource Issues - A severe shortage of workforce and the staff if overworked; poor training facilities, mental stress and lack motivation and frequent promotions
       • Operational Issues - Over dependence of states on central armed police forces for law and order situation; poor accommodation
       • Leadership by IPS officers rather than the CAPF officers themselves, etc
       • Discussion on recommendations to address the issues from the PPT
     • 2. State Police Forces
       • Committees - Malimath Committee, Julio Ribero Committee, Soli Sorabjee Committee, NPC-Iⅈ Prakash Singh Versus Union of India, 2006, 2nd ARC, etc
     • 3. Defence Forces
  2. Intelligence Agencies of India
     • Agencies
       1. Intelligence Bureau (IB) and its related functions from the PPT
       2. Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) created in 1968 comes under PM Office
       3. National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) set up in 2004
     • Issues associated with the functioning of intelligence agencies in India
       • Amount of infighting and lack of co-ordination
       • Lack of clarity and overlapping functions which lack accountability
       • Lack of oversight mechanism and legislative oversight
       • Not being able to attract talent for technical intelligence collection
       • Discussion of reforms needed in intelligence agencies from PPT along with NIA and CBI
  3. Investigation Agencies
     1. CBI
     2. NIA

• Issues related to CAPF

  1. Human Resource
     1. Severe Shortage of workforce up to 20%
     2. More than 40 thousand people resigned between 2010-12
     3. They are understaffed and overworked
     4. UN recommended should be considered
     5. The recruitment process is unscientific & outdated
     6. Mental Stress Involved - Large No of Suicides, Instances of Violence within the forces
     7. Poor Training Facilities
     8. Motivation is not constant
     9. Recruitment at multiple entries points and reduces exposure of senior leadership to the ground realities & Poor self-image and societal perceptions
     10. Lack of avenues for promotions
  2. Operational Issues
     1. Over dependence of state on CAPF for Law & Order Situation
     2. Law and Order and investigation are not separate
     3. law and order is a state subject and significant variation between states
     4. Leadership is of IPS - Paradropping Leaders doesn't work
     5. Poor Living Condition, Poor Accommodation, Shortage of Weaponry (max deaths due to malaria and not insurgency)
     6. Hardly any time for rejuvenation, training and rest
     7. Also lack of grievance redressal mechanism for citizens in case of violation of right and interference on a day-to-day basis by politicians, etc
  3. Infrastructural Issues
     1. shortage of weaponry and latest technology types of equipment
  4. Structural issues
     1. It is top and bottom-heavy; governed by a colonial act of 1861, etc

• Issues related to Intelligence Agencies

  1. Infighting and lack of coordination - turf war between various agencies

  2. Lack of role clarity - overlapping function

  3. Lack of an oversight mechanism - Lack of Accountability

     No Legislative/Legal Accountability, they only have accountability to executive

     They have been many time accused of narrow political interest

  4. There is shortage of workforce → they have not been able to attract talent for technical intelligence collection

• Issues related with State Police Forces in India

  1. Important Committees

     1. Malimath Committee
     2. Julio Ribeiro Committee
     3. National Police Commission 1
     4. National Police Commission 2
     5. Soli Sorabjee Committee
     6. Prakash Singh v/s Union of India

  2. Human Resource

     1. Shortage of workforce up to 20% and UN recommended 222 police personnel per million. Whereas Indian Ratio is 185 per million
     2. the recruitment process is unscientific and outdated - marred with corruption
     3. Lower Levels Entry only based on Physical Criteria
     4. Same Examination for other services as needed for IPS
     5. Recruitment at multiple entries points
     6. Reduces exposure of senior leadership to the ground realities
     7. Poor self-image and societal perceptions

  3. Operational Issues

     1. law and order & investigation are not separate
     2. law and order is a state subject and as a result there is significant variation between states in police functioning
     3. Lack of grievance redressal mechanism for citizens in case of violation of right
     4. Excessive interference on a day-to-day basis & for transfers by politicians

  4. Infrastructural Issues

     1. shortage of weaponry and latest technology types of equipment
     2. According to BPRD (Bureau of Police Research & Development) - Some States have shortage upto 75%
     3. Shortage of Latest Tech Equipments - Night Vision Camera

  5. Structural Issues

     

     1. Uppar Wala - Reference ; Neeche Wala - Indian Police

     2. It is top and bottom-heavy

     3. governed by a colonial act of 1861 → police should not be seen as something to be feared of.

        Case Study : In New Zealand, Police generally is unarmed but after christ church attack, for sometime they had to carry guns, for this short duration with guns they also wore roses so as to distract common masses from the gun.

        Thus, Psyche & Trust of People on Police is a must and such steps should be taken

Border Management & Border Security

• Introduction

  1. Border Security is a narrow term that refers to the protection of a country's territory from unwanted and hostile elements and secure borders

     It is concerned about infiltrations, trafficking,narco trafficking etc

  2. Border Management is the effective management of border areas so that emphasis is given to both border security as well as economic development of border areas

• Challenges of Border Management in India

  1. Geographical Challenges
     1. Artificial or man-made borders with neighbouring countries → guarding becomes a challenge
     2. Difficult terrain and topography in the border areas make it difficult to guard border areas which lead to poor infrastructure
     3. It also leads to economic backwardness of the border areas
  2. Diplomatic Challenges

     1. We have unsettled boundary disputes with most of our neighbouring countries

     2. We have a multiplicity of forces in the border areas and coordination issues - Assam Rifles, Indian Army, SSB, ITBP → Becomes Difficult to have a standard common operating procedures

     3. India has open or porous borders with neighbouring countries - Bhutan and Nepal

     4. Border guarding forces are diverted towards law and order problems in hinterland of country → Leads to staff shortage

     5. Lack of concern towards the problems of the local population as a result they tend to be swayed away with economic opportunities by extremists

     6. Vicinity of some of the disturbed regions such as Afghanistan and Myanmar

     7. India is in the vicinity of the golden crescent (Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan) and golden triangle

        Golden Crescent and Triangle Famous for Drug Trade Route

• Linkages between poor border management and internal security threats

  1. Militancy in Kashmir and Insurgency in North East
  2. Insurgents groups make movement across the border
  3. Major Reason of insurgency in North East → Illegal Immigration in North East
  4. narco-trafficking crimes across borders
  5. Organised criminals find refuge in border countries
  6. Naxal training in Nepal

• Challenges between countries

  • Sino India (Indo Chinese Border)

    

  • Indo Pak

    

  • Indo Nepal

    

  • Indo Bhutan

    

  • Indo Myanmar

    FMR - Free Movement Regime * (Important)

    

  • Indo Bangladesh

    https://app.notion.com

• Limitation in developing border infrastructure

  1. Poor implementation and lack of monitoring
  2. Multiple authorities managing borders
  3. Lack of adequate allocation of funds, etc
  4. Challenges along the border and steps that are taken:
  5. Sino-India; Indo-Pakistan, Indo-Nepal; Indo-Bhutan, Indo-Myanmar to be done from PPT

• Role of technology for Border Management

  

  1. Upgrading the existing system and Checking infiltration

  2. Facilitate Cross Border Trade

  3. Improved intelligence inputs and surveillance

  4. Madhukar Gupta Committee on Border protection recommended strengthening border protection

  5. This also led to Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) in 2015

     CIBMS is a state of the art technology to prevent illegal activities in the border areas of India and immigration and infiltration

     Surveillance Devices deployed → to an analysis centre → Command Centre → Security Forces

• Challenges associated with the deployment of technology in the border areas

  1. Technology is cost-intensive
  2. Requires trained manpower
  3. Poor Physical Infrastructure
  4. Compatibility of technology with the conditions in the border areas

Role of External State Actors in creating challenges to India's Internal Security

• Bangladesh

  1. Illegal immigration from Bangladesh

  2. Insurgency in North East ; For Example : ULFA

  3. Human trafficking (Flesh Trade)

  4. Increasing proximity of China with Bangladesh

     China developing port in Bangladesh and has given Line of Credit

  5. Issue of Cattle smuggling across India Bangladesh Border

  6. Increasing fundamentalism in bangladesh society → radicalisation and polarisation → Can have effect in Indian communal harmony and bonhomme

• Myanmar
  1. Myanmar is also part of the Golden triangle - Drug & Narco Trafficking → India acts as a transit hub and consumer → Indian society is consuming this drug too
  2. Rohingya Refugee Crisis → can snowball into something big in India → creating communal tension in India
  3. Insurgency in NE where Myanmar acts as a safe haven - Training Outfits in India
  4. Military rule in Myanmar and diplomacy acts as a challenge
  5. It acts as a major route for arms trafficking
• Pakistan
  1. Cross border terrorism, Militancy in Kashmir → Proxy War Post 1971
  2. Smuggling of fake currency notes - threat to economy
  3. Drug trafficking in Punjab and Rajasthan
  4. All weather friendship as Chinese Troops in PoK
  5. Always top the voice → Stall all the International Alliances and Support to Taliban
• Nepal
  1. Fake Indian Currency notes in India
  2. Support to Indian Left-Wing Extremists
  3. Safe haven for Organised criminals
  4. Militancy in Punjab spill through nepal
  5. Role of China in Nepal - Teaching Mandarin in Nepal Schools
  6. The growing radicalisation of youths in Indo-Nepal border
• Afghanistan
  1. Presence of Taliban and Narco-trafficking
  2. Presence of external forces in the region
• China
  1. The String of Pearls (China is trying to encircle India)
  2. Dumping of cheap Chinese goods
  3. Cyber Warfare - china raised cyber warriors army
  4. ideological support to Maoism
  5. All-weather friendship and Relationship with Pakistan
  6. Covert support to the insurgency in North East
  7. water wars
• Sri Lanka
  1. The proximity of China
  2. Making Hambantota Port as Military Port which was given for civilian port
  3. Fisherman killing
  4. Katchatheevu Island in Sri Lanka
  5. Civil war and Tamilian Crisis in Sri Lanka → It has the potential to disturb domestic politics

Terrorism - From Handout

• Definition

  as per the FBI, 8th report of 2nd ARC, features of Terrorism from the PPT

• Causes of Terrorism

  • Social and political injustice
  • Strategic reasons
  • Religious causes
  • Socio-economic
  • Globalisation and increasing inequality

• Reasons for the spread of Terrorism

  • Indoctrination
  • Technology
  • The porosity of border with neighbouring
  • Developmental deficit

• Types of Terrorism

  • Ethno-nationalist terrorism
  • Religious terrorism
  • Ideology oriented terrorism - left and right-wing
  • State-sponsored terrorism
  • Narco-terrorism

• Effects of terrorism

  • Significant effects on the Economic aspects of the country
  • Societal effects -
    • destroy demographic dividend
    • disturbs communal harmony
    • destroy social capital
  • Psychological effects as it creates trauma
  • Effects on human rights and rule of law

• Issues in the present set-up

  • Lack of co-ordination
  • Training and capacities
  • Human resource
  • Financial resources and technical resources crunch
  • The political will to carry out reforms, etc

• India's resolution in UN against international terrorism: (7:40 PM)

  • Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT)
  • CCIT seeks to have a universal definition of terrorism; ban all terror groups and prosecute them, etc
  • Hurdles to CCIT
    • by US block
    • by Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC)
    • by Latin Countries

• Lone Wolf Terror Attacks

  • Causes - Alienation of communities; Mental and psychological terror attacks; lax gun control, etc
  • Challenges - difficult to apprehend; use of social media; possibilities of the global network, etc