Radicalisation

News

1. Pro Khalistan Group in Canada

2. Affected India Canada Relations

3. K2 Approach of ISI, PK

   ISI & PK are working on Khalistan Kashmir Approach against India

4. Incident of Train Arson in Kerala, where 1 person involved, NIA filed a chargesheet, NIA said that he travelled from Delhi to Kerala to conduct this

   ChargeSheet Says that : This person is “Self Radicalised Lone Wolf”

5. 1985 Air India Bombing is again in News IC 812

Definition → Problem

What is Radicalisation?

it is a process by which a person or a group comes to adopt extreme political social and religious ideas and aspirations. As an Idea it is associated with Terrorism, Insurgency etc

and as per NYPD Model, the radicalisation consist of four phases

1. Stage 1 → Pre Radicalisation

   Ind are introduced to these Ideas. here ind is receptive

2. Stage 2 → Self Identification

   Ind starts exploring these idea

3. Stage 3 → Indoctrination

   he adopts the ideology and intensifies his personal belief

4. Stage 4 → Takes Action

   decides to take action, or get involved in radical beliefs

Other Related Terms

1. Militancy → Tactics
2. Extremism → Having extreme views
3. Terrorism → Act of Terror. Ideologically and deliberately target civilians to create a state of terror
4. Vigilantism → Example is Mob Lynching. Many People acting and violence towards one person
5. Insurgency → has territorial focus. people are generally involved in an armed rebellion against the state.

Reports

Donald Horowitz - Ethnic Groups & Conflicts

He talks about how these kinds of groups are organised within states and he talks about two kinds of ethnic system

1. Centralised Ethnic System
   1. More of a Segmented Identities.
   2. They are geographically concentrated, but with less interaction, there may be no issues generally, but when issues occur, they may break the country and threat may be existential
   3. Example :
      1. Sri Lanka (Sinhala & Tamils)
      2. Pakistan(Punjabi, Baloch, Pashtun)
2. Dispersed Ethnic System

   1. They are generally multi linguistic, multi ethnic groups, they are intermixed geographically.

   2. Because of Frequent Interaction, due to a lot of cross cutting identities, there may be small issues here and there with some frequency, but the threat is NOT Existential

      Example : India is a Typical Example. But India has some central tendencies of similar central languages. Our constitutional design supports Dispersed Ethnic System

Causes → Why There is Radicalisation ?

1. Because of various Social Cleavages. Different Ethnicities, Different Religions and Languages.

2. Social Inequalities, Marginalisation and Social Exclusion based on Ascriptive Identities

3. Economic Issues : Unemployment & Extreme Poverty

   Example : Ajmal Kasab was from Extreme Poverty

4. Recruitment Funding and Terror Financing

5. Ideological and Religious Factors & Views

6. Issues like Hate Speech

7. Role of OGW - Over Ground Workers. ideologicla, logistical, off ground support, but they do not directly participate in violent activities. Works like provide arms, fundraising

8. Psychological - Real or Perceived Wrong

9. Peer Pressure - Group Influence

10. Information & Communication Technology - Eco Chamber & Filter Bubble, Information Warfare

11. Proximity to Regions of Conflict in the Neighbour Hood - Arc of Unstability

12. Global Influence

    1. Terror Sanctuaries - Afghanistan and Pakistan
    2. Marxism Maoism

13. Administration

    1. Reason

       1. Ungoverned Spaces (in indian western and eastern borders) → Can be used in Durg Management

          Characteristics of Ungoverned Spaces

          1. Lack of Institutions or Physical infrastructure
          2. Prevalence of Corruption and Informal Economy
          3. Presence of Illegal groups and Organised Syndicates or Criminal Networks
          4. External Interference

       2. Conduciveness for this kind of Illicit Activities

          1. Arms Availability & Arms Trafikking & Gun Running

          2. Availability of Fund and Income

          3. Favourable Demography like availability of OGW

          4. Invisibility

             hence we can say that Conduciveness is facilitated by Ungoverned Spaces

       3. Difficult to Map → You dont know who will radicalise. UK’s CONTEST Program to MAP likely to Radicalised People. It Failed.

Consequences

1. Societal
   1. Polarisation of Ideas and Followers
   2. Stigmatisation of Communities and Religious groups - Loss of Social Cohesion
2. Political
   1. De Democratisation - Democratic Backsliding
   2. Legal Dilemma - Balancing Between Different Legislations. Like Surveillance v/s Rt to Privacy
3. Economic
   1. Resource Diversion
   2. Economic Disparity
4. Security

   1. Terrorism

   2. Lone Wolf Attacks

      a Person who prepares and commits terror attacks alone without being a part of any global structure

   3. Anti National Activities

5. Global
   1. Strain in Bilateral Relations - Indo Pak, Indo Canada, Indo China
   2. Global Security

Strategies

• Types

  1. Counter Radicalisation

     Policies and Measures Implemented by the Government to prevent an Individual or Vulnerable Groups from becoming radicalised in their home country

  2. De Radicalisation

     It is policies and measures to convince and discourage, individuals or vulnerable groups who have already became radicalised

• Legal

  1. Laws - Anti Terror Laws like → Strengthening of Existing Laws

     1. UAPA - Unlawful Activities Prevention Act

        2019 Amendment → Empowered Central Govt to designate Individuals as Terrorist, if they commit, participate or promote terrorism

     2. NIA - National Investigative Agency Act

        introduced after 26/11 terrorist attack, addressed problems with lack of centralised agency Pan Indian Operation

  2. State Specific Laws

     1. Example MCoCA

  3. IT Rules Strengthened

     to prevent disinformation, misinformation and fake news by incorporating ideas of traceability to prevent online radicalisation by social media

• Community

  1. Social Cleavages is deepening cuz of issues like hate speech. Scholar Jeremy Waldron highlighted issue wrt to hate speech in society is “Group Defamation” - Hate Speech targets not just an individual, but ind as a member of that group and it challenges the very existence of that group leading to Otherisation i.e Us v/s Them. If it is not checked, it will lead to radicalisation or violent crimes

  2. Vishwnath Committee Recommended that amend IPC and introduce provisions to prevent and address hate speeches

     Issue is to demarcate line of speech and hate speech. it is difficult to implement.

     Solution is to go for counter speech and counter narratives

  3. Case Study : BLR → They used social media and posted positives stories and counter narratives

  4. Acc to French Political Scientist → Deculturation is the cause of Radicalisation. Deculturation is the erasing of their culture i.e either forcefully or voluntarily of communities, this will lead to some kind of alienation and there by they will also oppose and protest

     Protection to NE & Tribes in India is Integrative Approach which is example of Asymmetric Federalism.

  5. Social Identity Theory -. US v/s Them → people categorise themselves as part of InGroup (US) and OutGroup (THEM)

  6. Amartya Sen talks about the Idea of Identity Pluralism. Here there is cross cutting of identities, then you can prevent existential threat.

     this idea can be addressed by Fraternity & unity in diversity are needed in community

  7. Steps Like community policing (philosophy ; a positive relations between police and public) instead of present model of negative relation

     Examples Are :

     1. Project KL
     2. Eyes & Ears
     3. Janmaitri Suraksha Project

  8. Outreach Program

     1. Mission Pehal

  9. 3 Pronged Counselling System

     1. Family - used to call back people from Syria
     2. Religion
     3. Community

  10. Breaking the Crime Terror Nexus - As Per International Centre for Study of Radicalisation. As per the report, it noted that the criminal and terrorist networks are merging.

      Criminal Data is Generally Available. hence it is easy to track things.

  11. Operation Chakravyuh →

      1. First Layer → at the border, LoC, CCTV, Surveillance, issue is of dense forest
      2. Second Layer → Behind first layer, tech like drones, UAV, address infiltration issue at the reception area, infiltrates and received by local handler
      3. Third Layer → Intelligence Information Sharing in the Valley and other area

• Socio Economic Measures

  1. Causes - Development Deficit, Lack of Opportunity, Absolute Poverty

  2. Socio Economic Initiative like → Skill Development of Jammu & Kashmir like MUMKIN , Livelihood Initiative for Unemployed Group of Age 18 to 35.

     HIMAYAT is skill development program.

  3. Employment Generation

• Global Cooperation

  1. Intelligence Sharing

     1. Humint (Human Intelligence)

        Issues Like : reliability issues

     2. Techint

        1. Commint (Communication Intelligence)
           1. Sureveillance
           2. Interception
        2. Imint (Image Intelligence)
           1. AFR’s → Automated Facial Recognition System

  2. Mechanisms → FATF (Financial Action Task Force)→ Combat Money Laundering, Terror Financing and Any Kind of Weapon Proliferation

     It categorises countries, and imposes countries, it does grey listing and black listing

  3. No Money for Terror - is an international conference with objective of enhancing global cooperation to combat terror financing

     improve the knowledge sharing and thereby efficacy of measures.

     2022 no money for terror summit was held in India

     1. HM said that terrorism is transformed from dynamite to meta verse and Ak 47 to virtual assets

     2. in order to achieve the goal of no money for terror, countries should understand three M’s

        i.e Mode Medium and Method of Terror Financing

        Mode - Ways

        Medium - Channel - Hawala etc

        Method - Techniques Used

     3. Adopt “One Mind, One Approach” to counter terror financing

        One Mind → unity of thought and purpose in combating terror financing

        One Approach → Global Coordination and Consistent Strategy

Case Studies

1. Global

   1. Sri Lanka After the Civil War → They came up with 6+1 Tenets including Education, Skill Development, Spirituality, creative Psychological Model. Initially there was 6

      Later Pvt Sector Also Joined, i.e 6+1 Tenets

   2. UK’s Contest Program which stands for Counter Terrorism Strategy because it turned public sector workers including teachers and health care providers into quasi surveillance officers responsible for quoting signs of approach

2. Domestic

   1. Maharashtra - De Radicalisation Initiative, Community Based and Multi Pronged Strategy

      For Example Various Religious Texts in Schools, Participation of Students in NCC

      Coming up with Anti Radicalisation Squad

   2. Kerala : Operation Pigeon

      helped in de radicalisation and counter radicalisation through social media monitoring

Way Forward (6C Approach)

To Safeguard India from Various Issues of

1. Cognisance of Terrorism & Organised Crime under Regulatory Framework

   Example : PLA, UAPA, FATF

2. Continuos & Critical Evaluation of Illicit Financial Flaws

3. Central Nodal Agency

4. Combating Trade Based Money Laundering - Under Invoicing & Over Invoicing

5. Cooperation & Co-ordination at the International Level

Question

The Diverse Nature of India as a Multi Religious and Multi Ethnic Society is NOT Immune to the Impact of Radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood ?

Answer Framework

Question Interpretation - India is diverse but still it is NOT immune as seen in neighbourhood, pakistan bangladesh and china !

1. Radicalisation

2. Tell that It is happening in neighbourhood

3. But india is immune and india is NOT

4. Strategy

   Note : China Xinjiang Reason, Policy Pak State Sponsored Terrorism, Problem of State Sponsored Identities

   Our Indian Model is : Salad Bowl && Constitutional Fraternity