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FLFP

Female Labor Force Participation

Context : Care Economy & Monetised Economy

  • News

    1. Noble Prize for Caludia Golden. In News since Time Memorial
    2. Invicibalistion of Women Work
    3. Eco Survey talks about wrt to measurement
    4. China has 51% Female Particpation Rate

  • Quotes

    Can Quote Esther Dufflo and Abhijeet Banerjee

    Behavourial Economics can be used

    Datons Idea can be used - on Child Health

    1. Equitable Reoslution of Roles and Responsibility is very important
    2. Oxfam Said that Inequality has a female face in India - lack of gender equality

  • Terms

    • LFPR → Labour Force Participation Ration

      LFPR is percentage of population that is either work, seeking work or available for work

    • WPR → Worker Population Ratio

      Percentage of Working Age Population that is employed

    • UR → Unemployment Ratio

      Percentage of Labor Force that is available and is seeking jobs but are unable to find jobs

  • Data / Reports

    Acc to PLFS → LFPR of Male 78.5% & Female 2023 Oct is 37%

    But World Bank Data LFPR is 24% which is same as ILP

    China LFPR Female 61% and Bangladesh LFPS Female is 31%

    State of Working India 2021 Report →by Azim Premji University

    Presence of In Laws - Unemployed Mother in Law in the same house significantly reduces the likelihood of married women be employed when compared to a household where there are NO mother in law

    Women are Over Represented in Sectors like Education Health Textiles Tobacco Waste Management Sewerage like Manual Scavaging

    in Urban Areas there is a U Shape Pattern is Visible or the Income Effect

    Time Use Sruvey 2019 by NSO - As Per the Survey 81% of females participate in domestic unpaid work comapred to male which is 26%

    243 minutes on an average women are involved in unpaid work, where as male are 25 minutes

    Recent SBI Report 2023 says that women unpaid work plays a vital role in the economy and is reponsible for 7.5% of GDP

  • Noble Laureate Claudia Golden Findings

    • U Hyptoheses

      U Shaped relationship between Womens Employmetn and Economic Growth

      Add Image from handout

      Initially in the initial stage of economy where there is agriculture, women are employed more but then there is Sectoral Shift from Agri to Industry

      Here Women Participation is Reduced

      due to

      Income Effect - Inc in Household Income, Domestication of Women

      Mechanisation of Industry - Factory Job

      Again Sectoral Shift - Service Sector Based Ecoonomy - with the rise in education level of women, there will be re entry of women. Hence, Here Service Sector acts as an Entry Point for Labor Market

    • Tranfromative Contraception

      Enabled women for greater control of their Lives in terms of their birth control. This provided agency or choice in shaping outcomes

    • Temporal Flexibility

      Flexibility in time wrt to job and employment then there will be falling Womens Labor Force Participation → Flexible hours of work is the essence → Manifestation like Work From Home, Maternity Leave etc

      Major Reason is that women are involved in Care Economy → Unpaid Care Work

      Gordon also found that this is one of the reasons fro Wage Gap as in US with temporal felxibility there is very less to NO wage gap as comapred to indian premise

    • Greedy Jobs

      Golden talked about concept of Greedy Jobs - they are high pay jobs but what is important here that it needs more time, meaning it is Time Greedy, It requires long working hours and unpreditable schedule, late night meetings travels, lot of networking

      problem is since women are involved in care work they are not able to put more time and work for greedy jobs

      Relation is High Pay → More Work → Not able to → cuz of care economy

      Hindrance in Career Progress due to → Many Breaks in Career and Avialable for less time

    • Role of Expectation

      Earlier Expectation of women was based on working pattern of previous generation

      that is either they were not working or did not go back after child birth

      women tend to be more ambitious with more role models

    • Both Lose

      Men Forego Time with their family, Women Forego their Career

    • Couple Equity

      Importance of Sharing & Redistribution of Household Work

  • Other Issues

    • Occupational Seggregation

      1. Care Economy

        Unpaid Labor that takes up significant time and emotional resources this includes domestic responsibilities, child care or elderly care etc

        However these are essential for human well being but it takes significant amout of time and emotional resources

        Issue is that ther is NO Economic Valuation of this Work. It is unreocgnised as well

        Also it is generally considered as women responsibility tot tkae up this task which is 86% v/s 25% wala fact

        It is affecting the work life balances of women → the book second shift by Arlie Russel → one shift is at work and another is at home → this is leading to double burden of work → which in turn is leading to time poverty for women

        Time Poverty → Lack of Discretionary Time available for Perosnal Development

        Defintion

        It is unpaid and uncreognised. Not counted in GDP, it is Invisible

        it requires significant time and emotional resources → issues like Time Poverty, Double Burden or Second Shift

        Houehold Work, Child Care & Elderly Care

        Example : Child Care & Elderly Care

        Issue

    • Discrimination

    • Work Life

    • Institutioal Policy

  • Law - FLFPR ES 22-23

  • Suggestions

  • News

Measurement Methods / Methdology : Usual Status, CWS Current Weekly Status, Need for Change of Criteria