Sub - Geo, Eco & Env Compilation
CA Database
Subject: Geo Eco Env LIsts: Compilation Status: Sorted Once
COP 28
General Overview:
- Initiation: Began in 1995 as the United Nations Conference of Parties.
- Language Importance: Unanimity required; every line is critically agreed upon.
- UNFCC Inception: Came into force in 1994, distinguishing between Annex (developed) & Non-Annex (developing) countries.
Key Focus Areas:
- Renewable Energy: Aim to triple global capacity.
- Global Stocktake: First 5-yearly review under the 2015 Paris Agreement; first in 2023.
- India's Position: No commitment to specific COP 28 goals.
- Loss and Damage Fund: Established at the World Bank with initial $250 million; targets $1.5 trillion.
- Methane Reduction: US & China pledge to cut emissions.
- Innovation Example: Masdar City, UAE - a zero-carbon initiative.
COP 26 Insights:
- India's Advocacy: Preferred 'phasing down' over 'phasing out' coal and fossil fuels.
- Renewable Targets: Influenced subsequent COP 28 discussions and goals.
Climate Finance:
- Definition: Financial flows to combat climate change.
- Estimates: OECD at $88 billion, Oxfam at around $22 billion.
Additional Points:
- Global Temperature Rise: 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels.
- Adaptation Goals: Linked to COP 21's global adaptation goal.
- Germany's Funding Ruling: €60 billion for COVID-19 fund not for climate.
- India's Commitments: Reduce emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030; net-zero by 2070.
COP 28 Specifics:
- Temperature Goal: Keep global increase below 1.5°C, aligning with IPCC suggestions.
- Coal Debate: Divergent views on 'phase out' by major users like India, Indonesia, and China.
- Emission Reduction: Target 43% reduction by 2030 from 2019 levels & 60% by 2045
- Dubai Consensus: Shift towards transitioning away from fossil fuels.
- Signatories: 198 countries participating in COP 28.
- Methane Focus: Addressing its potent heat-trapping ability.
- Natural Gas: Considered a transitional energy source.
Technologies:
- CCS & CDR: Capture and removal technologies for carbon dioxide.
- IPCC Report: Focuses on climate mitigation strategies.
- Overshoot Scenario: Temporary exceeding of temperature limits.
- Land Use for CO2 Removal: Proposals to use extensive land for carbon capture.
- BECCS: Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a CDR method.
- Transition Costs: High for CDR, reliant on fossil fuels for CCR.
India Specific:
- Import Dependence: High for fossil fuels and gas.
- Incentives: PLI for solar and battery technology.
- Authority: National Disaster Management to operationalize Loss and Damage Fund.
- CCUR & CBDR: Concepts defining responsibilities and carbon capture/utilization strategie
Urban Planning in COP 28
- 44% people lived in cities. Now 55%. People live in city which is expected to rise to 68% by 2050.
- Cities Consume 75% of primary energy responsible for a 70% of carbon dioxide emission
- Nothing for Us Without Us - Slogan
- Cities Excluded From → Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adapted Plans
Green Climate Fund
- 3.5 Billion Support - Finance Adaptations and Mitigation Projects
Investment Initiative
- ALTERAA → 250 Billion by 2030
- Map
- Latin America: Comprises South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean
- Indonesia Marapi Volcano - Active Volcano in Sumatra
- Asia Pacific Countries
The Asia-Pacific region, often referred to as the Asia and Pacific region, is a vast area that generally includes countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. The specific countries that are considered part of this region can vary depending on the context, such as economic, political, or cultural considerations. However, here's a general list of countries often included in the Asia-Pacific region:
East Asia
- China
- Japan
- Mongolia
- North Korea
- South Korea
- Taiwan
Southeast Asia
- Brunei
- Cambodia
- Indonesia
- Laos
- Malaysia
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Philippines
- Singapore
- Thailand
- Vietnam
South Asia
- Bangladesh
- Bhutan
- India
- Maldives
- Nepal
- Pakistan
- Sri Lanka
Oceania
- Australia
- Fiji
- Kiribati
- Marshall Islands
- Micronesia
- Nauru
- New Zealand
- Palau
- Papua New Guinea
- Samoa
- Solomon Islands
- Tonga
- Tuvalu
- Vanuatu
Additional Areas
Some definitions of the Asia-Pacific region also include parts of Eastern Russia and some Pacific island nations.
It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and can vary based on different definitions and contexts. The Asia-Pacific region is known for its cultural, economic, and political diversity, encompassing some of the world's largest economies as well as smaller island nations.
- Girmitiya Countries : Mauritius, Fuji, Suriname, Guyana, T&T, Jamaica
- Disaster Management
- Extremely Heavy Rainfall is Rain Above 21 CM in 24 Hours
- Land Slides Affect 1 to 2% of Country - Indian Land Slide Suceptibility Map by IIT Delhi
- Cyclone Michaung: A tropical cyclone in the Northwest of the Western Bay of Bengal, named by Myanmar, symbolizing strength and resilience.
- ITEWC - Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre - INCOIS - Indian Centre for Ocean Infromation Service
- Better Cohesion amongst agencies like Meterological Department & Railways
- Random Facts
- Rat Hole Mining Impact: Rat hole mining destroyed West Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
- Symbiosis in Nature: Honeyguide birds lead humans to beehives; humans get honey and birds eat beeswax.
- Vegetation Loss: 12,850 sq km of vegetation lost in 50 years, according to IISC Bangalore
- Great Nicobar Development Plan: May impact biodiversity in the region
- Green Grid Initiative (GGI) & One World One Grid Initiative (OWOG): Indian initiatives for sustainable energy.
- Cyclone Behavior and Climate Change: Cyclones are intense if it spends more time over water before landfall. Michuang was a super cyclone. Tropical cyclones use warm sea surface. Global warming contributes to the intensification of cyclones.
- Indian Monsoon: A low-pressure system, also known as monsoon depression
- Climate Change and Monsoon Rainfall: Downward trend in monsoon rainfall due to climate change.
- Pesticide hazard according to non-profit pesticide action network there were deaths because of pesticide poisoning leads to deteriorate health in the form of dizziness, headache and body pain
- Glacier Recession: Glaciers have shrunk by approximately one meter per year on average over the past decade.
- World Meteorological Organization (WMO): WMO, a specialized agency of the UN founded in 1950, includes 192 countries
- Air Pollution
- Managed by CAQM - Commission for Air Quality Management
- BS 3 Petrol & BS 4 Diesel
- GRAP - Graded Response Action Plan
- AQI - 401 to 450 → Severe
- IQAir Quality Report 39 cities in the top 50 most polluted cities globally.
- National Clean Air Mission A key initiative to address air pollution.
- Lancet Study on Air Pollution in India 1.6 million deaths in India attributed to air pollution, accounting for 18% of total deaths in the country.
- Health Impact in India 50% of the world's Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) cases are in India. 13% of the world's asthma cases are in India.
- Economic Impact India loses 7.91 lakh crore annually due to air pollution.
- WHO Standards on Air Quality Annual average concentration of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 µg/m³.
- Way Forward Implementation of Wind Path Forest and Social Forestry in India
- Managed by : Commission for Air Quality Management
- Graded Response Action Plan
- AI in Delhi MCD: Delhi MCD Installing AI to monitor civic amenities
