Part 1 - Introduction + Methodology + Thinker

Proper Classification in First Month of Class

Introduction to Anthropology
- Unit 1.1 : Introducing Anthropology
  - Introduction
    
    It is a discipline with infinite curiosity about human beings
    
    A discipline that studies humans in all the possible aspects like typical biological aspect cultural characteristics of various human population in all period of time and all the parts of the world
    
    Anthropologist are not only interested about a particular society or cultural population but are also interested in comparative aspects with other population comparison in terms of both similarities and differences
  - Definition of Anthropology by Various Personalities
    - Father of Discipline - Aristotle
      
      It is generally considered that Aristotle come in the term Anthropology and is called the father of discipline
      
      Aristotle define Anthropology as the gossip that revolves around man an anthropologist is the gossip are talking about himself
    - Kroeber - Mix of Science and Humanity
    - Emmanuel Kant - Animal Ori+SCA Dev of Man
      
      Immanuel Kant the German philosopher said study which describes and explains the animal Origins social as well as cultural development and progress of man
    - E B Tylor - Study of Old Remains
      
      Edward Burnett Tyler and English and college asset study of old remains of people and physical features races languages customs and practices of primitive people
      
      Is also accorded to be the founder of cultural anthropology
      
      Restricted Anthropology to historical perspective
      
      He was criticized by Paul broker a French anatomist an anthropologist emphasizing that scope of anthropology extends even to the modern culture also
    - Paul Broca
      
      Paul broker said that college is not only about payment of society and people but extends to modern societies and cultures as well
    - The Tripartite - Malinowski, Brown, Boas
      
      Scholars like (Bronislaw Malinowski) (a polish but worked as an anthropologist in England) Radcliffe Brown an English Anthropologist
      France Bass (German Austrian Born American Anthropologist) Define Anthropology during beginning of twentieth century as Study of Men At All levels of Development
    - Kluckhohn - Nearest Study of Man
    - Ruth Benedict - Safer for Differences
  - Scope of Anthropology
    - Details of Other Disciplines
      - Economics - Economics System
      - Political Science - Political Organisation and System found in Different Parts of the World
      - Sociology - Social Relations
      - Human Physiology or Anatomy - Deals with Various Body Mechanism & Abnormalities
    - Approaches of Anthropology
      - Broader in Scope - All aspects such as Social, Political, Economic, Biological, Religious etc
      - Historical and Comparative Approach
        
        Historical
        
        All Evolution - Biological and Cultural
        
        Studying Each way of life in Historical Perspective
        
        Comparative
        
        To Depict Similarities and Difference amongst people considering them as unique
        
        Comparitivity free form Ethnocentric Bias
      - Applied & Action Anthropology Approach
      - Holistic and Universalistic Approach
        
        Studying things in all times in all parts of the world
    - Approaches or Methods used in Anthropology
      - Holistic
      - Historical
      - Comparative
      - Empirical/Empiricist
      - Rational/Rationalist
      - Adaptable
  - Four Founding Fathers of Anthropology
    - Names
      - Bronisław Malinowski
      - Radcliffe Brown
      - Franz Boas
      - Marcel Mause
    - Common Takeaways from Founding Fathers
      1. Holistic Discipline
      2. Resisted Ethnocentrism
      3. Anthro must become a True Science
      4. Fieldwork Should be done, Interviewing & Documentation must be critically reviews and Systematically applied
  - T K Penimans 100 Years of Anthropology (4 Phases )
    - Formative Phase ( <1835)
      1. Herodotus
      2. Socrates
      3. Plato
      4. Aristotle
      5. Marco Polo, Ibn Khaldun, Vasco Da Gama, Columbus
    - Convergent Phase (1835-1859)
      1. Karl Marx
      2. Prichard
      3. Darwin
      4. Smith
    - Constructive Phase (1859-1900)
      1. E B Tylor
      2. J Frazer
      3. Henry Maine
      4. L H Morgan
    - Critical Phase (> 1900)
      1. Malinowski
      2. Brown
      3. Kroeber
      4. Ruth Benedict
  - Anthro as Natural Sciences or Social Sciences
    - Rebuttal
    - Arguments Against Scientific Nature of Subject (OEQG)
      - Prob of Objectivity
      - Prob of Experimentation
      - Prob of Quantification
      - Prob of Generalisation
- Unit 1.2 : Relationship with Other Disciplines
  - Statistics of the Unit
    1. Types of Questions asked
      1. Scope of Anthro - it can be combined with other unit
      2. Parts of Anthropology v/s A discipline
      3. Anthropology v/s A discipline
    2. Total Question asked Since 2011 - 4
  Clearly Defined Other Disciplines (6 Discipline - 11 Sciences)
  - Factors of Comparison
    1. Interdependence and Independence
    2. Scope of Discipline
    3. Convergence (Similarities) & Divergence (Differences)
  - 1. Social Science - Sociology
    - Similarities
      - Sociology
        
        Comprises of Society an Social Institutions
        
        Focuses on Institution formed by Humans
        
        Father of Sociology - August Comte
        
        Comte - Sociology of Priesthood of Humanity
      - Anthropology
        
        Anthropology is most scientific of all disciplines that study Humanity
        
        Socio Cultural Anthropology is offshoot of Sociology
        
        Emile Durkheim (Functionalist)(German Sociologist) INFLUENCED
        
        Bronislaw Malinowski - Functionalist
        
        Radcliffe Brown - Structural Functionalist
      - Example (2)
        
        Example 1 - MNS
        
        Considered an Indian Sociologist
        
        Socio Cultural Anthropologist
        
        Example 2 - Professor Yoginder Singh
        
        Sociology - Modernisation
        
        Anthropology - Concepts of Social Change
      - Concluding Line
        
        Both Sociology and Anthropology has considerable overlap of subject matter
        
        which covers both
        
        Origin && Changed Forms of
        
        Marriage, Family, Religion, Kinship Etc
    - Differences
      
      | Theme | Sociology | Anthropology | | --- | --- | --- | | Approach | Particularistic Approach | Holistic & Universal Approach | | Field Work | Not Present | Present in Anthropology | | Field of Study | Studies only Recent Societies | Studies Societies in All Parts of the world at all times i.e from Origin to Present | | Ethnocentrism | Defines Social Realities in terms of Superiority and Inferiority | Least Ethnocentric Field of Study | | Socio Cultural Anthropology | Sociologist consider SCA to be a part of Sociology | Gopal Sarhana & Dharni Sinha said that SCA is NEiTHER a Branch of Socio NOR Co Terminus to it |
    - Conclusion of Sociology and Anthropology
      
      Basically they complement each other but had common reasons and sources of origin
  - 1. Behavioural Science - Psychology
    Psychology is Study of Human Mental Processes and Human Social Behaviour
    - Similarities
      1. In Both SP and SCA+CPS (Cultural Personality School) - We Study - How various aspects of Human Behaviour are governed by external factors of Society
      2. Unacceptable Social Reality is Studied in both SP & SCA
        
        Example : Suicide, Domestic Violence, Social Restrictions
      3. Trends & Patterns are taken in Society in both - SP & SCA
        
        Example : Sexuality, Caste Based Issues, Child Abuse, Violence
    - Differences
      
      | Theme | Psychology | Anthropology | | --- | --- | --- | | Approach | Limited wrt Anthro | Holistic & Universal | | General Scope | Studies Individual Behaviour in Social Environment | Studies Elements Related to Society where Individual is a part of Society | | Society Scope | Restricted to their or somewhat near by societies | Generally Study other society and all societies of the world | | Mass Observation | Not Present | Present | | Pre Decided Objective | Prominent in Psychology | Study overall Natural Occurrences with some specific objective |
  - 1. Life Science - Biology
    - Similarities
      1. Both Humans Unique Species in Animal Kingdom
      2. Both Study Evolution, Physiology, Taxonomy
      3. Scientific Discipline using Scientific Principles - Both Biology and Particularly Physical Anthropology
      4. Applied Aspects of Physical Anthropology & Biology is matching
    - Differences
      
      | Theme | Life Sciences | Anthropology | | --- | --- | --- | | Scope | Not Restricted to Humans | Restricted to Humans | | Approach | Only Physiology & Anatomy | with Physiology & Anatomy, also Holistic Cultural and Social Aspects | | Age of Science | One of the Oldest | One of the Newest | | Reliability & Validity | More | Less | | Type of Study | Purely Scientific | Blend of Scientific and Social Studies | | Methods of Study | Experimentation and Scientific Research | Social Surveys, Interviews, Arm Chair, Fieldwork etc | | Element of Objectivity | Highly Objective | Highly Subjective |
    - Conclusion
  - 1. Medical Science - (Medicine - Anatomy - Physiology)
    - Introduction of Medical Sciences
      
      Definition of Medicine is :
      1. Study of Diagnosis
      2. Treatment of Diseases
      3. Improvement of Bodily Functions - Nutrition (Balanced Diet)
    - Relation of Medical Sciences with Anthropology
      - Social Medicine
        
        Application of Medicine in Anthropology
        
        Cretinism -
        
        Rudolf Virchow studied cretinism due to thyroid deficiency found in Specific Population
        
        Cretinism is Congenital Hypothyroidism, Characterised by Stunted Physical & Less mental growth
        
        Project Sunrise - Govt Campaign in NE on Anti HIV and Anti Drug
      - Anthropometry
        
        Measurements of Various aspects of Human Body
        
        Example :
        
        Paul Broca Studied Skull Measurements helpful in forensics and study of evolution
      - Applied Anthropology
        
        Topics like Growth Studies, Nutrition & Body Types are Subject matter of both Social Medicine and Applied Anthropology
        
        Applied Anthro and Social Medicine used in
        
        Psychological Support in Health Care Facilities
        
        People in Human Trafficking and Sex Trade
        
        War Affected Areas
        
        UN, Human Right of UN work with NGO’s like “Doctors w/o Borders” deal in
        
        Old Age People
        
        Children
        
        War Affected People
        
        Diseases
        
        Sex Trade
    - Similarities
      1. Socio Cultural Dimension of Diseases is a prominent study in Community Medicine branch
    - Differences
    - Conclusion
  - 1. Earth Sciences - (Geology & Geography)
    - Geography
      1. Holistic Study of Earth
      2. Relation
        
        SIGNIFICANT (Human Geography) - SCA
        
        PARTIAL - Physical Anthro
    - Geology
      1. Particular Study of Earths Crust
      2. Relation
        
        SIGNIFICANT - Archaeological Anthro (Dating Methods)
        
        DEPENDENT - Physical Anthropology
        
        PARTIAL - SCA
    - Similarities
      1. Julian Stewards of NES → Cultural Ecology → Eco & Env of Geography
      2. Tribes/Races
        
        their Settlements - Human Geography
        
        Spatial Variation - Anthropology
      3. Races & Ethnicity - Studies by Both HG & SCA
      4. Dating Methods (Combine) Archaeological Anthro + Geology
    - Differences
      
      | Themes | Geo/Geology | Anthropology | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Scope | No Research of Modern Human | Talks about Humans in all times and space | | | Principles | Scientific, Objective | Case Work/Participation, Subjective | | | Reliability and Validity | Highly Reliable | Methods & Interpretation not so reliable | |
    - Conclusion
  - 1. Humanities (3)
    - History
      - Introduction
        
        Fredrick Maitland - Anthro is History or its Nothing
        
        Evans Prichard - Considered SCA as historiography to a great extent
        
        Others - History is Past Anthro & Anthro is Present History
      - Similarity
        
        Historical Interpretation of Socio Culture Elements
        
        Socio Culture Interpretation of Historical Facts
        
        Both Anthro and History Treat Humans as Stream
        
        Connection of History with all Branches of Anthropology
        
        Anthropology and History cannot be Separated with a Clear Line
      - Differences
        
        | Theme | History | Anthropology | | --- | --- | --- | | Scope | Societies & Cultures upto 5000 Years Old | Anthro Studies Historical Context since beginning of Humans 3.5 Million Years Ago | | Phenomenon | Conscious Phenomenon, Focuses on Observable Experiences | Conscious and Unconscious Phenomenon, Focuses on Unconscious by Claude Levi Strauss | | Scope | Particularistic, Idiographic & Chronological | Holistic & Universalistic Nomothetic & Random |
      - Conclusion
    - Economics
      - Introduction
        
        Distribution of Resources and Production of Goods and Services
      - Similarities
        
        Close Proximity Between SCA & Economics evident from
        
        Jajmani (Caste & Class Based System)c of Indian Society
        
        Barter System of Primitive Society
        
        Economic Anthro borrows many of its concepts from Economics
        
        “Economic Life”←→ Interdependent ←→ “Social Life”
        
        Both Economics & Economic Anthro are concerned with welfare of its people
        
        Economics Problems can be handled better with pragmatic insights from Socio Cultural Anthro
        
        Social and Financial Inclusion of Marginalised Section of Society like tribals and other vulnerable groups is a blend of Economics and Economic Anthro
      - Differences
        
        | Theme | Economics | Anthropology | | --- | --- | --- | | Kind of Welfare | Material Welfare | Human Welfare | | Primitive Societies | Doesn't focus on Economics of Primitive Societies | Focuses on Study of Primitive People | | Type of Man | Studies Economic Man | Studies man in Toto | | Scope | Limited in Scope, Studies Complex Societies | Universalistic in Approach, Studies Societies from Primitive to Industrial | | Subject Matter | Only Economics Aspected & Associated Dynamics are Studies | Study is done in all aspects | | Type of Study | Consumption Patter Study - How People Make Max Profit | Consumption Patter Study - How People Value & Respect Social Norms | | Method of Study | Less of Fieldwork Tradition & Participant Observation | Fieldwork Tradition & Participant Observation are deeply Engraved in Discipline |
      - Conclusion
    - Political Science
      - Introduction
        
        Evans Pritchard in his Book : African Political System - He Mentioned that even most primitive of Societies has some political systems
      - Similarities
        
        Power and Authorities are Studied in both
        
        Political Science - Recent Societies
        
        Primitive Societies - Anthropology
        
        Both are governed by size and composition of Populations
        
        Present Political Situations like Voting Behaviour and Patterns require background of SCA for implementation in Pol Sci
      - Differences
        
        | Theme | Political Science | Anthropology | | --- | --- | --- | | Scope | Limited to Political Arena | Very Holistic in Nature | | Method | Basically Guided by Text - Arm Chair Approach | Field Work is Synonymous to Anthropological Methods | | | | |
      - Conclusion
- Unit 1.3 : Branches of Anthropology
  - Introduction
  - Franz Boas’s Four Fold Classification of Anthropology
    1. Physical/Biological Anthropology
    2. Socio Cultural Anthropology
    3. Archaeological Anthropology
    4. Linguistic Anthropology
  - Physical/Biological Anthropology
    - 2 Basic Agenda of Physical Anthropology
      - Emergence of Humans and Their Later Evolution
      - How and Why Current Human Population Vary Biologically
    - Development of Physical Anthropology
      - Darwins Theory of Evolution
      - Mendels Theory of Genetics
      - Paul Broca, Bluemanbach, Alfred Wallace and Darwin
      - Fields Needed for → Reconstruction of Evolution
        
        Birbal Sahni - Palaeontologist
        
        Jane Goodall - Primatologist
    - Washburns Classification of Physical Anthropology (based on approach)
      - Classical Physical Anthropology
      - New Physical Anthropology
    - Conclusion of Physical Anthro
    - Application of Physical Anthropology
      - Neontology
      - Ethology
      - Serology
      - Eugenics
      - Somatology
      - Kinanthropometry
      - Dermatoglyphics
  - Socio Cultural Anthropology (SCA)
    - Definition
      1. General
      2. Charles Winicks
    - 4 Aspects of SCA { IDEA }
      - Integration
      - Description
      - Describe
      - Analyse
    - Social & Cultural - Distinct
      - Social Anthropology Studies
        
        Behaviours
        
        Interaction
      - Cultural Anthropology
        
        Tradition
        
        Associated Aspects
    - Why the Name “Socio-Culture Anthropology”
      - Relation Between Social Behaviour and Social Interaction
      - Social Interactions are a part of large cultural tradition i.e social anthropologist is by default a cultural anthropologist
    - Various Aspects of SCA
      - Key Person
        
        Father of Socio Cultural Anthropology - B Malinowski
        
        Father of American Anthropology - Franz Boas
      - Ethology
      - Ethnology
      - Ethnography
    - Ethnocentrism in Study of SCA
      - Introduction
      - Sociological Ethnocentrism
      - Cultural Relativism
    - Evolution of Socio Anthropologist → Socio Cultural Anthropology
    - Conclusion
  - Archaeological Anthropology
    - Introduction
      1. Definiton
    PENDING SUB HEADING HERE 🥹
    - Branches of Archaeological Anthropology
      - Old Archaeological Anthropology
      - Contemporary Archaeological Anthropological
      - Ethno Archaeology
  - Linguistic Anthropology
    - Emergence
      1. Developed as Off Shoot of Socio Linguistics
      2. Earlier it was termed as Anthro Linguistics which was renamed as Linguistic Anthropology
    - Thinkers
      1. E B Tylor
      2. Del Hyme - Coined the Term Linguistic Anthropology
    - Task of Linguistic Anthropology
      1. Study of Speech and Languages as a Socio Cultural Phenomenon across space & time.
      2. How Language Influence Socio Cultural Phenomenon and Vice Versa
    - Scope of Linguistic Anthropology
      1. To Study Universal & Variations in Language
      2. SC Evolution can be helped in its Study
      3. Psychological Linguistics
      4. Pidgin & Creole
      5. Modern or New Linguistics Anthropology
    - Branches of Anthropology
      1. Descriptive/Synchronic/Structural
      2. Historic/Diachronic/Comparative
      3. Ethno Linguistics / Socio Linguistics
      4. Ethno Semantics
      5. Psycholinguistics
  - Applied and Action Anthropology
    - Action - The Action is taken by a Anthropologist
      1. Elwin Ghurre Debate
      2. To Solve Problems of Under Represented Communities
    - Applied - The Knowledge of Anthropology is Applied
    - Soltax
      1. Compared → Action Anthro - Clinical Experiments
      2. Considered Action Anthropology as Offshoot of Applied Anthropology
    - Application
      - Use of Anthropometric Measurements
      - Application of Genomic Research
Research Methods
- Unit 8.0 : Research Methodology (RM)
  - Introduction to Research Methodology
    - Definition of RM
      
      Research methodology is a science dealing with methods and ways employed for a particular research, point to complexity of human beings and human culture variation in human behaviour certain specialised methods techniques and research methodology need to be adopted and anthropology is a Holistic discipline trying to cover maximum aspects of human a well-planned scientific research becomes inevitable
      
      In words of an apologist Philips Jasmine scientific research method is heart of science which was invented as it was already understood that human errors wish fulfillment in all dishonestly you to preconceived notions would come in with wood commonly distort research findings and hence well-defined research methodology is a prime requirement of any research
      
      Feature used by various studies must be specified in detail so that other researchers can repeat the naxal the application of findings by other researchers at different different locations can be established and errors can be minimised subjectivity of human mind can be avoided
    - RM according to Philips Salzman
      - Definition
      - Scientific Requirement
  - Parts of Research Methodology (8)
    - Universe of Study
    - Agenda of Study
    - Sampling
    - Technique of Data Collection
    - Data Processing
    - Data Analysis
    - Data Interpretation
    - Outcome of Research
  - Research Design in RM { Blue Print of Research } (EDE)
    - Introduction to Research Design
      1. To Make Anthropological Research Reliable & Valid
      2. For Proper Planning and Design in Advance
    - Elements of Research Design
      1. Can Include Choice of Subjects
      2. Technique of Data Collection
      3. PAI ( Processing, Analysis, Interpretation) of Collected Data
    - Advantage of Research Design
    - Types of Research Design
      - Introduction
        
        Same research is categorised as reliable when same outcome can be repaired it again and again therefore to make anthropological research reliable and valid researchers must have proper planning and design in advance before starting the research it can include choice of subject Universe of research techniques of Data Collection exactra also it can have it about ways in which collected data would be processed analysed and interpreted a proper Research Design not only saves time but also financial resources and manpower based on prior knowledge information of subject matter is available to the researcher
      - Exploratory
        
        When the culture has little or no information about subject matter of study and Maxima information as to be explodes like a fresh then researcher will prepare an exploratory Research Design where all required information has to be collected without any prior knowledge.
        
        participant observation of malinowski with proper and islanders was based on and explanatory Research Design
      - Descriptive
        
        When anthropologist already have information about subject matter and based on that knowledge and Research Design is being prepared and further exploration is going to be conducted for example study of social stigma faced by HIV positive people can be studied to descriptive Research Design
      - Experimental
        
        Condition of information being available or not that is involving both exploratory and descriptive design here group of our community to be studied can be divided into number of subgroups and a study in relation to each other
  - Technique v/s Tools
    - What is Technique - Summary ?
      1. Technique - Part of RM - for Data Collection - Using Tools
      2. Particular Technique → Specific Tools
    - What is Technique ?
      
      Technique is a part of research method used for data collection using various tools that is a particular technique requires some specific tools
    - Examples of Technique (ISCG)
      1. Interview
      2. Social Survey
      3. Case Study
      4. Genealogy
  - Hypotheses v/s Theory
    - Hypotheses -
      - Initial/Primitive form of Theory
      - No Reliability and Validity, Needs to be tested for it
      - Small and Easy to Understand
    - Theory -
      - Tested Hypotheses & Final Hypothesis
      - Is Reliable and Valid
      - Supported by Empirical Data
    - Example -
      - Hypotheses : Society Moved from Simpler to Complex Forms like Biological Beings
      - Theory : Theory of Cultural Evolutionism by Tylor Morgan and Frazer
  - Anthropological Research Approaches (5)
    - Textual & Contextual
    - Deductive & Inductive
    - Diachronic & Synchronic
    - EMIC & ETIC
    - Positivism, Hermeneutics, Phenomenology
  - Fieldwork Tradition
    - Introduction
    - Process of Field Work
    - PRA & RRA
    - Challenges in Field Work Tradition
    - Conclusion of Fieldwork Tradition
    - Significance and Benefits of Field Work
  - Research - Methodology, Methods, Techniques
    - Diagram
    - Methodology - Broader Aspect & Also Includes
      - Research Design
      - Choice of Subject Matter
      - Formation of Hypotheses
      - Selection of Research Method
    - Methods -
    - Technique -
    💡 ***Research Methodology*** is an Over All Description of Research Process using some specific ***Research*** *Methods* which are dependent on various ***Tools and Techniques***
  - Tools of Data Collection
    - Observation
      - Introduction
      - Participant Observation
        
        Introduction
        
        Example
        
        Advantages
        
        Limitations and Challenges
        
        Conclusion
      - Non Participant Observation
        
        Introduction
        
        Example
        
        Limitations and Challenges
      - Controlled & UnControlled Observation
      - Conclusion
    - Interviews
      - Definition by Gopal Sarhana
      - Introduction
      - Types of Interview
        
        Directive - Structural Interview
        
        Non Directive - Unstructured Interview
        
        Example
      - Repeated Interviews
      - Challenges
        
        Double Dose of Subjectivity
    - Questionnaire & Schedule
      - Questionnaire
        
        Characteristics of Questionnaire
        
        Interviewer Absent
        
        Written Form
        
        Fixed Set of Questions
        
        Only Possible in Literate Society
        
        Less people share intricacies on Paper
        
        Limited Application
        
        Types of Questionnaire
        
        Close Ended
        
        Open Ended
        
        Advantages of Questionnaire
        
        Disadvantages of Questionnaire
        
        Conclusion of Questionnaire
      - Schedule
        
        Introduction
        
        Goode and Halt Definition
      - Difference Between Questionnaire and Schedule
      - Conclusion
    - Case Study
      - Definition and Introduction
      - Example (3)
        
        MNS - Study of “Coorgs of Mysore”
        
        Evans Pritchard of “Nuers Tribes of South Sudan”
        
        Tepoztalan Mexican Villages by (2)
        
        Robert Redfield → Tepoztlan : A Mexican Village
        
        Oscar Lewis → Life, History in Mexican Village ; Tepoztlan ReStudies
      - Advantages of Case Study
      - Limitations of Case Study
      - Conclusion
    - Genealogy
      - Defintion & Inherent Limitation
      - Genealogy - Malinowski (User of Genealogy) Example 1
      - Genealogy - Morgan (User of Genealogy) Example 2
      - Genealogy in view of WHR Rivers (Potential Application)
      - Potential Application of Genealogical Approach
      - Conclusion of Genealogy
    - Life & Oral History
      - Life History
        
        Its Supplementary and Not Primary
        
        Example Case Study - NISA
        
        Book Name : “NISA : The Life and Words of Kung Women”
        
        Explanation : Studies by Majorie Shostak (American Anthropologist)
        
        Can Actually Show and Evolve over a period of time.
      - Oral History
        
        Oral History can compromise of
        
        Memories
        
        Life Experiences
        
        Story
        
        Best System for
        
        Cross Cultural Research
        
        Interdisciplinary Study
        
        Example Case Study - Samuan Islands
        
        Studies by Margret Meat
        
        Tools for Oral History
        
        Direct Interpretation of Narrations
        
        Audio & Video Tape
      - Conclusion of Life and Oral History
    - Secondary Source of Information
      - Introduction
      - First Used by
      - Types of Secondary Sources
        
        Published Data
        
        Unpublished Data
      - Example 1 : IPCC
      - Example 2 : Assessment of Climate Change by MoES
      - Limitations/Conclusion of SSD
        
        Lack of Reliability and Validity
        
        Cant be used as only source of information
        
        Need for Complementing and Supplementing other sources of data collection
    - Participatory Methods
      - Introduction
      - Example 1 - Joint Forest Management
      - PRA - Method / Theory
        
        Participatory Rural Appraisal
        
        Various Dimensions of PRA
      - RRA - Application of Theory
        
        Rapid Rural Appraisal
        
        Principle of Optimal Ignorance
      - Suggestion by Chambers
      - Conclusion (2)
Thinkers
- Unit 6.0 : Anthropological Thought ( Thinkers & Theories )
  - Summary of Theories (10)
    - Total No of Schools of Thoughts are ?
      
      There are total 10 schools of thoughts, with Historical Particularism and Diffusionism being in the same group.
    - Name all the Schools of Thoughts ?
      1. Classical Cultural Evolutionism
      2. Diffusionism & Historical Particularism
      3. Functionalism + Structural Functionalism
      4. Structuralism
      5. Culture & Personality School
      6. Neo Evolutionism
      7. Cultural Materialism*
      8. Symbolic/Interpretive*
      9. Cognitive/New Ethnography*
      10. Post Modernism
    - Add Scanned PDF of Summary from Copy Here
  - Classical Evolution (CCE)
    - Darwinism - Darwin's Evolutionary Preposition / Theory of Pangenesis
      1. Rapid Multiplication
      2. Stability of Population
      3. Limited Resources
      4. Competition between Species
    - Variation By Natural Selection
      - Gamatic & Somatic Variation
      - Gene Therapy
    - Classical Cultural Evolutionism (CCE)
      - Socio Cultural Evolutionism (S->B->C)
      - Basic Postulates
        
        Unilineal Evolution
        
        Progressive Cultural Evolution
        
        Evolutionary Potential
        
        Cultural Parallels / Cultural Similarities
        
        Culture Survival
        
        Skipping of Stages
      - Conclusion of Postulates
      - Criticism of CCE
      - Conclusion of CCE
    - CCE by E B Tylor
      - Intro of E B Tylor
      - Scheme of Evolutionism based on “Religion & Cultural Development”
    - CCE by L H Morgan
      - Introduction of L H Morgan
      - Scheme of Evolutionism based on “Marriage & Family”
        
        Example : Different Stages of Marriage ( PC PS PM )
      - Kinship Terminologies by Morgan
        
        Descriptive - Sudanese Style
        
        Classificatory Type - Hawain Type
        
        Mixed Approach - Eskimo & Iroquio Type
      - Socio Political Organisations by Morgan
        
        Societus
        
        Civitus
        
        Stages of Society By Morgan
    - Comparison between Tylor and Morgan
      - Scheme -
        
        Simple / Complex
      - Focus -
        
        Religion / Marriage Family Kinship
      - Ethnicity -
        
        Reference Not Given / Reference Given
      - Fieldwork -
        
        No / Yes
    - CCE by James Frazer
      - Introduction
      - Frazers Theme of Evolution
  - Neo Evolution (20th Century Evolutionism)
    - Introduction
      - Important Thinkers
        
        Pioneers of Neo Evolutionism
        
        Gordon Childe (Brit)
        
        Leslie White (US)
        
        Julian Stewards (US)
        
        Students
        
        Marshal Sahlins (US)
        
        Elman Service (US)
      - Why did it Emerge ?
        
        Rectify Short Comings of CCE
        
        Against the Criticism “of Diffusionist on CCE” { ED, Uni, Psy}
        
        Absence of Empirical Data
        
        Unilneal Evolution NA
        
        Psychic Unity Rejected
    - Parabolic Curve by Neo Evolutionist School
      - Diagram
      - Example of
        
        Original Form
        
        Primitive Communism
        
        Development (2)
        
        Private Property Ownership
        
        Building of Trust on Ruling Sector
        
        Modified Form (S&A, PRI, ULB)
        
        Owenership by State and Authorites / Panchayati Raj Institutio / Urban Local Body
        
        Newly Developed Form
    - Broad Themes of Neo Evolutionist School { Multi, Univ, Techi, G&Speci}
      - Multi-Lineal Evolution - Julian Stewards (MLE - JS) (1902-1975)
        
        Introduction
        
        Book -
        
        Theory of Cultural Change 1955
        
        Theme -
        
        There is No one line of Evolutionis, There are many lines of Evolutionism
        
        Blah Blah -
        
        It is based on Local Environment and Environmental Factors
        
        Hence Env is a Active Factor rather Passive One
        
        Existecne of Cultural Parallels
        
        Methodology of Multi-lineal Evolutionism ( ||, XRe, RC)
        
        Parallelism
        
        Cross Cultural Research
        
        Causality (Reciprocal Causality)
        
        Development of Cultural Ecology to Study MLE
        
        Example of 5 Complex Civilisation for MLE
        
        Northern Peru
        
        Meso America
        
        Mesopotamia (Origin of Wheat)
        
        Egypt
        
        China
        
        Illustration of MLE
        
        Conclusion of MLE
      - Universal Evolution - Gordon Childe (UE - GC) (1892-1957)
        
        Introduction
        
        Books
        
        Man Makes Himself
        
        What Happened In History
        
        Basic Theme
        
        Evolution of Man Kind is based on Archaeology
        
        Cultural Dev / Evolutonary Advance →
        
        Inc in Human Potential →
        
        Can Extract More Energy & Resources →
        
        Socio Cultural Development
        
        Tech Efficacy and Genetic Efficacy
        
        Conclusion of UE
      - Technological Theory of Evolution / Energy Theory - Leslie White (ET - LW) (1900-1975)
        
        Introduction
        
        Books
        
        Science of Culture 1949
        
        Evolution of Culture 1989
        
        Basic Themes of White’s Theory
        
        Higher Form of Energy
        
        Energy & Technology - Universal Standards of Measurement
        
        Cultural Sub System (3) { Tech, Socio, Ideo}
        
        Technological
        
        Technical Advancement
        
        Tools of Production
        
        Ins/Eqp used for Var Activities
        
        Materials used for Shelter
        
        Sociological
        
        Marriage, Family, Kinship, Religion, Et Cetera
        
        Ideological
        
        Collection of Ideas and Beliefs
        
        Mythology, Theology
        
        Literature, Philosophy
        
        Common Sensical Knowledge
        
        They Dont Equally Contribute
        
        $Energy * Technology = Culture$
        
        Energy -
        
        Amt of energy hrnessed on per capita bsias in a year
        
        Technology -
        
        Efficiency of Technoques ans Tools USED to control & DIRECT Energy
        
        Culture -
        
        Degree of Cultural Adavcnement
        
        Variation in Technology
        
        (H)E * (H)T = (H)C
        
        (H)E * (L)T = (L)C
        
        (L)E * (H)T = (L)C
        
        Relations E && T == H ~ C(H)
        
        Example
        
        Savagery - M
        
        Muscular Energy
        
        Barbaric - MFA 💪🔥🐂
        
        Muscular + Fire + Animal Based
        
        Civilisation -
        
        Energy of Fuel, Running Water, Tides, Winds and Sun
        
        Conclusion
      - General & Specific Evolution - Sahlin’s and Service
        
        Introduction
        
        Dual Character of Evolution
        
        General Evolution
        
        Specific Evolution
        
        Conclusion of Dual Character
        
        Bio Social and Bio Cultural Approach
        
        Method
        
        General Evolution
        
        Bio
        
        Social
        
        Specific
        
        Bio
        
        Origin of Specific Population
        
        Social
        
        Conclusion of General & Specific Approach
    - Criticism of Neo Evolutionary School
      - Rift of Ideology
        
        Environmental Factor - Passive - White Tech Theory
        
        Environmental Factor - Active - Stewards MLE
      - MLE & CE - Confusing & Spurious - Marvin Harris
      - MLE - Direction of MLE not specified by Stewards
      - CE - Stewards - Neglect of Diffusion - Ignoring Relationship between Socio Cultural Factors
      - One Size Fit All Approach of Tech - Criticised by Rapaport
    - Comparison between Cultural Evolutionism & Neo Evolutionism
      
      | Theme | Classical Cultural Evolutionism | Neo Cultural Evolutionism | | --- | --- | --- | | Century | 19th | 20th | | Approach | Unilineal | Multi Lineal and Universal | | Psychic Unity | Proposed | Rejected | | Factors of Social Change | Internal | External | | Empirical Data | Not Applicable | Available | | Comparative Data | Yes | No | | Concept of Survival | Proposed as Necessary | Rejected | | Temporal and Spatial | Incorporated All Societies In All Times at All Parts of the World | Talked About Specific Societies in Specific Times of Specific Times |
  - Diffusionism and Historical Particularism
    - Introduction - D & HP
      - British School (Pan Egyptian School)
        
        WHR Rivers
        
        Smithen Perry
      - German School (Kulterkriez School
        
        Ratzel
        
        Frabenius
        
        Graebner
        
        Schmidt
      - American School
        
        Clark Wissler
        
        Alfred Kroeber
        
        Led by Boas (HP)
    - In Response to
      - CCE → Unilinear Theory
      - CCE → Psychic Unity of Mankind
    - Definition of
      - Diffusionism
      - Historical Particularism
    - Diffusionism - Theory & Schools (3)
      - Conditions and Characteristics of Cultural Diffusion
        
        Cultural Trait only Adopted by Society when found Meaningful
        
        Cultural Traits - May Change → Migration, Env & Geo Factors
        
        Directional ←→ Dev to Under Dev ; Movement UD → Dev → Only Minor Features
        
        Bottlenecks against Diffusion - Geographical Barriers, Ethnocentrism, Lack of Transport
        
        “Diffusion & Acceptability” IS DP TO “Distance from Origin of Culture”
      - Three Different Concepts used by Diffusionist's
        
        Cultural Trait
        
        Simplest & Most Basic
        
        Specific Entity within a Culture
        
        Example : Dome Shaped Acrhitecture of Mughals
        
        Cultural Complex
        
        Connected Parts → Different Cultural Traits → In a Large Area = Cultural Complex
        
        Example : Use of
        
        Red Stone
        
        Special Adhesive
        
        Megalith ( Big Stone)
        
        on Dome Shaped Mughal Architecture
        
        Cultural Area
        
        Broader Region → having Multiple Cultural Complexes
        
        Relatively Similar → Having Matching + Uniform Customs
      - British School of Diffusion (Extreme Diffusionist’s)
        
        Also Called
        
        Pan Egyptian - Starting Pointing Will Always be Egypt
        
        Helio Centric - Sun God is Worshipped by Everyone
        
        Thinkers and Books
        
        Books By Smith
        
        Origin of Civilisation
        
        Diffusion of Culture
        
        Books By Perry
        
        The Children of Sun
        
        Books By Rivers
        
        History of Melanesian Society
        
        Introduction of British School
        
        Egypt -
        
        Centre of Cultural Development
        
        Cradle of Civilisation
        
        Diffusion -
        
        From Egypt Cultural Elements Diffused to Other Parts of the World
        
        Advanced Egypt -
        
        Early development of Sceintific Agriculture
        
        Common Bond -
        
        All Cultures and Civilisation - Origin is Egypt
        
        Diffusionism by Smith
        
        Diffusionism by Perry
        
        Diffusionism by Rivers
        
        Conclusion and Criticism of British School
      - German School of Diffusion
        
        Thinkers Involved
        
        Proposed By : Graebner and Schmidt
        
        Supported By : Ratzel and Frabenius
        
        Also Called
        
        Cultural Circle School
        
        Culture District School
        
        Kulterkriez School
        
        Theory of Cultural Circle
        
        Criteria of Quality & Quantity
        
        Inference
        
        Criticism of German School
      - American School of Diffusion
        
        Thinkers
        
        Started By : Boas
        
        Followed By : Wissler and Kroeber
        
        Approaches
        
        Cultural Area Approach
        
        Age Area Approach
        
        Wissler - Typology of Diffusion
        
        | Theme | Natural Diffusion | Organised Diffusion | | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | |
        
        Kroeber - Cultural Acculturation
        
        Concept of Cultural Acculturation
        
        Sanskritisation and Elite Emulation
        
        Conclusion of American School
        
        Criticism of American School
    - Historical Particularism by Franz Boas
      - Books by Boas
        
        The Mind of Primitive Man
        
        The Central Eskimos
      - Definition of HP
      - HP Criticised CCE
        
        Concepts
        
        Uni Linear Evolution
        
        Evolutionary Survivals
        
        Cultural Parallels
        
        No Scientific Methodology
        
        No Empirical Data
        
        No Field Work
      - HP Criticised Parallel Evolutionism
        
        Same Level of Cultural Development → Can be Reached by Diff Trajectories
      - Boas 3 Factors for Various Cultural Traits and Customs of Society
        
        Environmental
        
        Historical Connection (Most Important to Boas)
        
        Psychological
      - Criticism of Boas
  - Functionalism & Structural Functionalism
    - Functionalism By Brainslow Malinowski
      - Emerged as Critique To
        
        CCE and Diffusionism
      - Emerged with Sociology (Pioneer Functionalist)
        
        Comparing Human Body with Social Components
        
        { Societal Structure + Societal Function } +
        
        Various [ Elements & Institutions & Components ] → Working Together → Functional Society
        
        Herbert Spencer
        
        Emile Durkheim
      - Basic Premise/Tenets/Postulates of Functionalism
        
        Written Postulates
        
        Evolution is an Integrated Whole
        
        Each Element of Culture has a
        
        Specific
        
        Additional Function
        
        Combining Specific and Additional Function Make a Functional Society
        
        Problem with any elements in society may affect healthy functioning of society
        
        Diagram
      - Propositions by Malinowski
        
        Background
        
        Books by Malinowski
        
        Argonauts of Western Pacific 1922
        
        Scientific Theory of Culture & Other Essays
        
        Dynamics of Cultural Change
        
        Work of Malinowski
        
        Trobriand Islandus Near Papua New Guiniea Region
        
        Introduction of Functionalism into Anthropology by Malinowski
        
        Structure of Institution by Malinowski
        
        Diagram
        
        Charter
        
        Norms
        
        Personnel
        
        Material Apparatus
        
        Activities
        
        Functional Outcome
        
        Approach to Bio Cultural Functionalism by Malinowski
        
        Analysis of “Needs by Malinowski”
        
        Intro to Needs by Malinowski
        
        Categories of Needs
        
        Primary - Basic
        
        Secondary - Instrumental
        
        Economic
        
        Educational
        
        Political Organisation
        
        Social Control
        
        Integrative - Synthetic
      - Criticism (with Merits) of Functionalism - Malinowski
        
        Merits
        
        De Merits
    - Structural Functionalism By Radcliffe Brown
      - Books
        
        Structure and Functions of Primitive Society
        
        Andaman Islandus (1922)
      - Introduction to Brown
      - Introduction to Structural Functionalism
      - 3 Aspects of Social System by Brown
        
        Structural
        
        Ecological
        
        Enculturation / Socialisation
      - Details Social Structure by Brown
        
        Actual
        
        General
        
        Functioning of Social Structure
        
        Social Morphology
        
        Physiology
        
        Evolution
      - 3 Important Elements of “Good Anthropological Research”
        
        Discovery of Laws
        
        Reliability and Validity
        
        Cultural Comparison to reach upto scientific laws to better understand direction of change of society
      - Criticism of Functionalism - Brown
    - Comparison Between Malinowski and Brown
  - Structuralism - Borrowed from “Gestalt Psychology” - 1930’s & 1940’s
    - Introduction of Structuralism
      1. Go to underlying cause, Basis for Myth !
        
        Example :
        
        Marriage : If this is social fact
        
        Incest Taboo : This is Pre Social fact
      2. Components of Myth, Mytheme, Bundled Together !
      3. Like Language Has Grammar, Institutions Like Culture, Kinship and Marriage have their grammar called Elements
      4. Three Set Approach on Socity and Culture
        
        Language & Culture are Homologous (Same Function, Different Structure) - Divergent Evolution
        
        Example : Wings of Bat, Bird Etc
        
        Language & Culture are Analogous (Same Structure, Different Function) - Convergent Evolution
        
        Example : Limbs of Human, Limbs of Whale
        
        Language & Culture are Structural
    - Thinkers
      - Claud Levi Strauss
        
        Introduction of Structuralism by Strauss
        
        Books By Levi Strauss
        
        Elementary Structure of Kinship
        
        Structural Anthropology
        
        The Savage Mind
        
        Three Fold Structure of Structuralism by Strauss
        
        Social Reality
        
        Materialistic Things
        
        Cultural Instincts
        
        Thee Fundamental Characteristics of Human Mind
        
        Human Follow Rules
        
        Reciprocity
        
        Gifts
        
        Binary Opposition by Levi Strauss
        
        Binary Opposition - Male Female, Nature Civilisation, True False
        
        Social Reality - Has Structure - Interpret by Structuralism - Interpret by Binary Opposition
        
        Gave Example of : Totemic Religions
        
        Reality : People worshipping animal, allow not to eat
        
        Background : May be that animal saved them pr gave them food
        
        Incest Taboo
        
        Alliance Theory by Levi Strauss
        
        Reaction to Kinship Theory (Descent Theory) by Brown
        
        Descent or Lineage Theory is promoting Social Solidarity
        
        There was some or the other Taboo related to Incest, Hence Incest is the cornerstone of society
        
        Incest Taboo Gave Rise to Marriage, Marriage on rise to another things
        
        Concept of Models by Levi Strauss
        
        Explanation of Models
        
        Model Approach of Levi Strauss
        
        He defined model related to Kinship, Kind of model lifestyles
        
        Two Models
        
        Mechanical Model
        
        Intra Caste & Intra Religion is Mechanical/Common Model of Kinship within India
        
        Statistical Model
        
        Inter Caste & Inter Religion is Marriage but Statistical Model of Kinship within India
        
        Types of Models
        
        Mechanical
        
        Statistical
        
        Structural Analysis of Myth - An Essay by Levi Strauss
        
        Structural Analysis of Myth (Mythology) - An Essay by Levi Strauss
        
        Analysis for a Myth being Myth should be analysed.
        
        During Analysis of Myth, when diving deep, it will have component called Mythemes
        
        Took Help of Psycho Analysis by Freud and Oedipus Complex
        
        Gave Example of Caste System of India
        
        Superficial : System of Oppression
        
        Deep Dive : It started as a Occupational Division of Labour in Varna System
        
        Those myth whose basis/Mytheme/sub component can be found will sustain and the myth whose Mytheme cannot be found will not sustain
        
        All work were later compiled as a 4 Vol Book called “Myhtologique”
        
        Conclusion
      - Edmund Leach
        
        Books by Edmund Leach
        
        Political System of Highland Burma - The Kachin Study/The Kachin Social Structure
        
        Introduction of Structuralism by Edmund Leach
        
        Egalitarian System - Gumlao System
        
        Hierarchical System - Gums-a
        
        Edmund Leach and Traffic Signals
      - Criticism of Structuralism
        
        Too much emphasis on Incest Taboo and Marriage as deciding elements for different socio cultural institutions
        
        Human Thought Process is Static, Structuralism Says its Static
        
        No Scientific Basis for giving explanation to Myths and its components
        
        Totally Ignored Technological, Economical and Environmental factors
  - Cultural Materialism
    - Old
      - Running Notes
        
        Thinkers
        
        Marvin Harris
        
        Based on Marx > Harris Said
        
        Base - Infrastructure - Material Realities
        
        Production - Economic Activity & Modes of Production
        
        Reproduction - Procreation
        
        Demographic Parameteres - Sex Ration & Mortality Etc
        
        Level 1 - Structure - Organisational Aspects
        
        Law & Order, Marriage, Kinship
        
        Political, Class and caste System
        
        Level 2 - Super Structure - Ideological Symbolic Aspect
        
        Psychological Beliefs
        
        Arts Sports Paintings Dance Music
        
        Books
        
        The Rise in Anthropological Theories
        
        Cows, Pigs, Wars, Witches ; The Riddles of Culture
        
        Pending
        
        Technological and Economic Aspect of CM
        
        Traditional Hindu Society by Marvin Harris
        
        Cows aren't consumed but worshipped, Reason is Economical and Not Religious
        
        Agriculture - Manure
        
        Health - Milk and Dairy Products
        
        Social Ties - Exchange of Cows
        
        Hence Doctrine of Ahimsa towards Cows
        
        Techno Environment Determinism Supported by Techno Economic Determinism
        
        Despite of Techno and Economics, Env will also be a Detrimental Factor
        
        Because Environment affects the usage of Technology
        
        Disintegration of USSR by Marvin Harris
        
        Background
        
        Effects
        
        Conclusion
        
        Maxine Margolis
        
        One Page Para
        
        Influenced by
        
        Karl Marx
        
        Society Can be Divided into three Phases
        
        Materialistic Base - Modes of Production ( Factory, Labour)
        
        Super Structure - ( Law Family Religion etc )
        
        Materialistic Base Shapes and Forms Super Structures
        
        Marx - Man is Association can Produce more than Man in Isolation
        
        Cultural Ecology
        
        Cultural Evolution
      - Thinkers
        
        Marvin Harris
        
        Book
        
        The Rise in Anthropological Theories
        
        Cows, Pigs, Wars, Witches ; The Riddles of Culture
        
        Introduction to CM by Harris
        
        CM of Harris is based on 3 Different Schools of Thoughts
        
        Marxist Materialism
        
        Cultural Ecology
        
        Cultural Evolution
        
        3 Level Structure of CM of Harris
        
        Infra Structure - Material Reality
        
        Production
        
        Reproduction
        
        Demography - Birth, Death, Date Rate
        
        Structure - Organisational
        
        Political Caste, Class System, Marriage, Family, Kinship
        
        Super Structure - Ideological/Symbolic
        
        Religion, Arts, Sciences, Music Sports
        
        Technological and Economic Aspects of CM
        
        Infrastructure → Shaping → Structure & Super Structure
        
        Scared Cow Myth to Justify CM
        
        Techno Environmental & Techno Economical Determinism
        
        Study of Disintegration of USSR according to Marvin Harris
        
        Background
        
        Effects
        
        Conclusion
        
        Maxine Margolis
        
        Supported Harris
        
        Participation of Women in Work Force
        
        Role of Women in World War 2
        
        Restriction to Kitchen Kids and Family - Denounced due to Economic Factors
        
        Action and Active Participation in Modern Work Force
        
        Leslie White
        
        Supporter of Ecological Anthropology in Capturing of Energy to define Complexities of culture
        
        Influenced by : Marxian Economic Theory + Darwins Theory of Evolution
        
        Criticism of Cultural Materialism
        
        General Criticism
        
        Marxist
        
        Structuralist
        
        Scope
        
        Conclusion
        
        Production (ETIC) Reproduction(ETIC) to Psychology(EMIC)
    - Class Notes
      - Marxist Materialism
  - Culture Personality School - Biggest School of All Schools
    - Running Notes
      1. Started by Students of
        
        Franz Boas
        
        Alfred Kroeber
      2. Proposed By
        
        Ruth Benedict
        
        Margeret Mead
      3. Further Extended by
        
        Gardiner
        
        Linton
        
        Cora Du Bois
      4. Wanted to bring 3 Sciences together
        
        Anthro
        
        Socio
        
        Psychology
      5. Basic Themes
        
        Culture Shaping Personality - Margret Mead
        
        Studied Samoan Islands in Papua New Guinea
        
        Arapesh
        
        Mundagumur
        
        Tschamboli
        
        Book
        
        Coming of Age in Samoan Island
        
        Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies
        
        Coming of Age in in Samoan Island - Study of onset of puberty in both America and samoan Island
        
        In Samoan Island -
        
        Pre Martial Sex not a Taboo
        
        considered as a normal biological process
        
        Since beginning they are being taught they should be getting up early in the morning and having good friendship
        
        In America -
        
        Pre Martial Sex not a Taboo
        
        Considered as a remarkable change in a girls life
        
        waking up in morning and having good friendship is left to school to be taught
        
        Gender Personality by Mead
        
        Arapesh
        
        Male Feamel Roles Equal
        
        Munduguar
        
        Male Female Equal
        
        but prone to attacks
        
        Tschambuli
        
        Clear division of Labour
        
        Females at periphery
        
        Male costume and make up
        
        Study of National Character by M Mead
        
        Proposed by Edward Sapir, Discussed by Ruth Benedict
        
        Study : “Keep Your Powder Dry : An Anthropologists Looks at America”
        
        Conclusion and Criticism
        
        Personality Shaping Culture - Ruth Benedict
        
        People Studies
        
        Zunis - Mexico - Good Amount of Resources
        
        Kwakiutls
        
        Dobus
        
        Guardian Spirit Concept
        
        Culture Pattern - Pattern Prevalent in Culture
        
        Cultural Trait - Smallest Element of a feature of Culture/Society
        
        Varna System (Open) until based on Karma
        
        Later Varna System became rigid and hence took shape of caste
        
        Cultural Complex
        
        Conclusion
        
        Cultural Traits combined to form Cultural Complex
        
        At Broader level they appear to be cultural patterns
        
        Both Shaping Each Other
        
        Summary
        
        Kardiener
        
        Segmeudn Freud INfluence of Kardiner
      6. CPS - Characteristic Perception Temperament (CPT)
    - Introduction of CPS
      1. Started by Students of Boas and Kroeber = Ruth + Mead → Extended by Kardiner, Linton and Cara Du Bois
      2. Wanted to Connect = Psychology + Sociology + Anthropology
      3. Basic Theme
      4. CPS v/s CPT (Characteristics, Personality & Temperament)
      5. Conclusion - Trying to Demonstrate Inter Relationship btw Culture and Personality
    - Three Different Approaches Used by CPS
      - Personality Builds and Impacts the Culture - Ruth Benedict
      - Culture Influences Personality Forms - Margret Mead
      - Both Influence each other and are InSeparable -
    - Prominent Thinkers
      - Ruth Benedict - Impact of Personality on Culture (Arm Chair)(3)
        
        Introduction
        
        Book : Pattern of Culture
        
        Study : Culture Pattern
        
        Tribes Studied
        
        Zunis - South West State + Mexico
        
        Kwakiutals - North West Canada
        
        Dobus - Melanesia
        
        Keywords - Culture Pattern, Central Axis/Soul, Guardian Spirit, Umbrella Concept, Culture Pattern(Varna System), Functioning Unit, Cultural Traits, Common Point of Reference, Cultural Complex, Culture Pattern, Integration of Society, Special Genius
        
        Special Genius
        
        Apollonian - Zunis
        
        Dynosian - Kwakiutals
        
        Conclusion of Ruth Benedict
      - Margret Mead - Impact of Culture on Personality (2)
        
        Study - Samoan Islands + Tribes of Papua New Guinea
        
        Tribes
        
        Arapesh
        
        Mundugumor
        
        Tschambuli
        
        Books
        
        Coming of Age in Samoa
        
        Sec and Temperament in Three Primitive Socities
        
        Samoan Study - Coming of Age in Samoan Islands
        
        No Stress Related to Puberty
        
        Transition from Puberty to Sexual Maturity is Normal
        
        Pre Marital Sex was considered Normal
        
        Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and Gender Personality by Mead
        
        | Theme | Arapesh | Mundugomar | Tschambhuli | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Attack | Free from Attack | Prone to Attack(Outside/Inside) | NA | | Resource | No Resource Crunch | NA | NA | | MF Nature | Gentle to Each Other | Aggressive & Competent | NA | | Family Time | Yes | Wasn't Prominent | NA | | Society / Kids | Co Existence | Disliked & Punished Kids | NA | | Gender Roles | No Division, Equal | No Division, Equal | Clear Division, Male Submissive, Female Angry |
        
        Study of National Character by Mead
        
        Initially Proposed by Sapir and Later Taken by Ruth Benedict
        
        Study : “Keep your Powder Dry : an Anthropologist Looks at America”
        
        Study Parameter - Not to CPT
        
        National Character of America
        
        Study of Culture at a Distance
        
        Conclusion & Criticism of National Character by Mead
      - Both Influence each other and are InSeparable
        
        Abraham Kardiner - Basic Personality Type
        
        Freuds Influence of Kardiner
        
        Primary and Secondary Institutions
        
        Marquenesian of French Polynesia Island-us
        
        Female Infanticide
        
        Poly Andry
        
        Maternal Neglect of Children
        
        Basic Personality Types / Structures by Kardiner (6)
        
        Id
        
        Efo
        
        Super Ego
        
        Ideal Constellation
        
        Security Systems
        
        Attitude Towards Supernatural Things and Beings
        
        Conslusion
        
        Ralph Linton - Total Personality Type
        
        Three Types of Behaviour
        
        Real Culture
        
        Ideal Culture
        
        Cultural Construct
        
        Total Personality Type - Extension of BPT
        
        Stimulus Response Principle
        
        Conclusion
        
        Cora Du Bois - Modal Personality Type
        
        Extension BPT to MPT
        
        MPT = Inc Empirical Data + Inc Sceintific Research + Scientific Data Test ( Ink Blot, TAT)
        
        Place of Study - Alore Islands, East Indies of Indonesia
        
        Explanation to Variation in Personality - Extension to BPT
        
        Essay : “The People of Allore : a Social Psychological Study of East Indian Islands”
        
        Inferences from Allore Islands
      - Conclusion of CPS
    - Criticism of CPS
      1. Derec Freeman
      2. Kawakiutals and Zunese
      3. Morris Opler 1 - Narrow in Approach
      4. Morris Opler 2 - Mid way in Male Female Relationship
      5. Extra Focus on Infancy
      6. No Complex Society Studies
      7. Influence of Secondary on Primary Institutions
  - Symbolic & Interpretive School
    - Thinkers
      1. Victor Turner Scottish
      2. Clifford Geertz American
      3. D Schneider American
    - Basic Theme of Symbolic Anthropology
      - Interpretive School of Symbolic Anthropology
      - SIA and Social Action
      - Summary of SIA School
    - Geertzian/Interpretive Anthropology
      1. Verstehen - Hermeneutics - Symbols
      2. Operation of Culture
      3. Historically Transmitted Pattern of Meaning Embodied in Symbols
      4. Imp Works of Clifford Geertz
        
        Thick Description
        
        Javanese Funeral
        
        Balinese Cockfight “Deep Play : Notes on Balinese Cock Fight”
  - Post Modernism

✅ Part 1.1 - Unit 1.1 / 1.2 / 1.3 : Introduction to Anthropology

✅ Part 1.2 - Unit 8.0 : Research Methodology

[✅Part 1.3 - Unit 6.0 : Anthropological Thought (Thinkers & Theories)](%E2%9C%85Part%201%20-%20Introduction%20+%20Methodology%20+%20Thinker/%E2%9C%85Part%201%203%20-%20Unit%206%200%20Anthropological%20Thought%20(Thin%203693dc6315c64d659743f913d221a44b.md)